Fast detecting and tracking of moving objects in video scenes

18 pages. Quelques films de résultats sont disponible sur: http://www.ceremade.dauphine.fr/~pelletieIn this article we present a new method for detecting textured moving objects. Based on a known background estimation and a fixed camera, the algorithm is able to detect moving objects and locates them at video rate, moreover this method is used for object tracking purposes. Our method is multi-step: First, we use level lines to detect pixels of the background which are occluded by moving object. Then, we use an a contrario model as general framework to make an automatic clustering. Thus the moving objects are detected as regions and not only as pixels, eventually we correct this region to better fit the moving object. Experimental results show that the algorithm is very robust to noise and to the quality of the background estimation (e.g. ghosts). The algorithm has been successfully tested in video sequences coming from different databases, including indoor and outdoor sequences

Propriétés fonctionnelles du charbon de bois en fonction de la sévérité des feux de forêt

En introduction, le chapitre 1 se penche sur la compréhension des propriétés du charbon produit lors des incendies de forêt, propriétés qui affectent le fonctionnement des écosystèmes boréaux, en tenant compte des variations de la sévérité et de l'intensite des feux. Le deuxième chapitre de ce mémoire prend la forme d'un article scientifique, soumis à la revue scientifique Soil Biology and Biochemistry. L'expérience cible l'effet de la température de production du charbon de bois sur le cycle du carbone (C) et de l'azote (N) dans un sol forestier. Un sol forestier à done été amendé avec des charbons de bois d'épinette noire créés en laboratoire à cinq températures différentes. (450, 550, 650, 750 et 850°C). Nous avons aussi testé l'effet de ces charbons sur le cycle du C et N en présence de tanins extraits d'une litière de Kalmia angustifolia L., un arbuste éricacée reconnu pour ralentir la décomposition et la minéralisation de l'azote du sol. De la même façon, no us avons testé l'effet de nos charbons sur le cycle du C et N après l'ajout d'albumine de sérum bovin, une protéine facilement minéralisée. Nous avons également testé l'effet produit en mélangeant le sol, le charbon, les tanins et l'albumine de sérum bovin afin de simuler le scarifiage, un traitement post récolte utilisé en foresterie pour incorporer la matière organique dans les horizons minéraux et pour contrôler les plantes compétitrices à l'épinette noire. Ces traitements furent assignés à des microcosmes que nous avons incubes pendant huit semaines, en mesurant périodiquement la respiration basale. Au terme de l'incubation, nous avons mesuré l'azote minéral et la biomasse microbienne. Des analyses élémentaires et physiques ont démontré qu'une élévation de la température de production du charbon augmentait significativement le % de C et une diminution du % de O et H. Nous avons aussi démontré que les charbons produits aux températures de 750 et 850°C avaient une surface spécifique et un volume total de micropores significativement plus éléves que les charbons produits à des températures inférieures. Ces deux propriétés pourraient être liées à l'adsorption de molécules dissoutes dans le sol. Nos résultats démontrént que la respiration basale du sol à diminué avec: l'ajout du charbon, l'augmentation de la température de production du charbon et l'ajout de tanins du Kalmia. La biomasse microbienne à aussi diminué avec l'ajout de charbon. Par ailleurs, la respiration basale du sol augmenté avec l'ajout d' albumine de sérum bovin et le brassage du charbon dans le sol. L'augmentation de la température de production du charbon à augmenté la concentration de NH 4+ du sollorsque les matériaux étaient mélangés, mais le contraire à été constaté lorsque le charbon était laissé à la surface du sol. Le troisième chapitre de ce mémoire décrit une étude similaire réalisée avec des charbons issus de feux naturels. Le charbon a été récolté au courant de l'été 2010 sur trente stations brûlées entre les années 2005 et 2007. Lors de la récolte, nous avons estimé la sévérité du feu a posteriori des trente stations en nous servant d'une dizaine d'indices liés aux dommages à la végétation et au sol. Comme dans l'étude précédente, nous avons incubé le charbon avec un sol forestier et mesuré la respiration basale, la biomasse microbienne, la concentration de NH 4+ et la concentration de NO3- . Le dispositif expérimental comprends aussi le traitement «mélange» afin de testér l'interaction entre la sévérité d'un feu et le brassage du charbon dans le sol. Nous avons détécte une réduction de la respiration basale et une légère augmentation des concentrations de NH 4+ en fonction de l'augmentation de l'indice de sévérité mesurée sur la station. En conclusion, le chapitre 4 souligne la difficulté d'expliquer le taux de carbonisation du matériel échantillonné, mais nous amène à supposer l'existence de résidus de carbonisation plus ou moins labiles pouvant à court terme réduire la minéralisation du carbone et augmentér la disponibilité de NH 4+ . Ces constatations pourront contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des facteurs qui régissent la minéralisation de l'azote et du carbone en forêt boréale, dans le contexte des bouleversements climatiques appréhendés. [symboles non conformes

High effectiveness of the organic-bonding process in reducing the Ni, Cu and Fe dusting in a production environment

Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye

Use of inert gas jets to measure the forces required for mechanical gene transfection

BACKGROUND: Transferring genes and drugs into cells is central to how we now study, identify and treat diseases. Several non-viral gene therapy methods that rely on the mechanical disruption of the plasma membrane have been proposed, but the success of these methods has been limited due to a lack of understanding of the mechanical parameters that lead to cell membrane permeability. METHODS: We use a simple jet of inert gas to induce local transfection of plasmid DNA both in vitro (HeLa cells) and in vivo (chicken chorioallantoic membrane). Five different capillary tube inner diameters and three different gases were used to treat the cells to understand the dependency of transfection efficiency on the dynamic parameters. RESULTS: The simple setup has the advantage of allowing us to calculate the forces acting on cells during transfection. We found permeabilization efficiency was related to the dynamic pressure of the jet. The range of dynamic pressures that led to transfection in HeLa cells was small (200 ± 20 Pa) above which cell stripping occurred. We determined that the temporary pores allow the passage of dextran up to 40 kDa and reclose in less than 5 seconds after treatment. The optimized parameters were also successfully tested in vivo using the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the number of cells transfected with the plasmid scales with the dynamic pressure of the jet. Our results show that mechanical methods have a very small window in which cells are permeabilized without injury (200 to 290 Pa). This simple apparatus helps define the forces needed for physical cell transfection methods

High-performance PM steels utilizing extra-fine nickel

Distribution of the alloying additives in powder metallurgy (PM) steels is a key element in achieving optimum sintered properties. Segregation must be avoided in order to ensure consistent part-to-part properties. Recent studies indicate that extra-fine nickel powders have a beneficial impact on the overall properties of nickel-copper-carbon PM steels. Therefore, the use of extra-fine nickel powder in segregation-free PM mixes could be an efficient way to optimize properties. To this end, the effect of the size and size distribution of two nickel powders on the physical and mechanical properties of two binder-treated steel powder premixes processed on a polit scale has been assessed. The properties of these two mixes are compared with those of a diffusion-alloyed mix of the same composition. Mechanical properties and dimensional change of the binder-treated mixes are shown to be superior to those of the diffusion-alloyed mix. The physical and sintered properties of the binder-treated mixes can be further improved by using extra-fine nickel powder (D\u2085\u2080 1.5\ub5m) instead of a standard size (D\u2085\u2080 8\ub5m) nickel powder.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye

Spontaneous neural activity changes after bariatric surgery : a resting-state fMRI study

Background: Metabolic disorders associated with obesity could lead to alterations in brain structure and function. Whether these changes can be reversed after weight loss is unclear. Bariatric surgery provides a unique oppor- tunity to address these questions because it induces marked weight loss and metabolic improvements which in turn may impact the brain in a longitudinal fashion. Previous studies found widespread changes in grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) after bariatric surgery. However, findings regarding changes in spontaneous neural activity following surgery, as assessed with the fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and regional homogeneity of neural activity (ReHo), are scarce and heterogenous. In this study, we used a longitu- dinal design to examine the changes in spontaneous neural activity after bariatric surgery (comparing pre- to post-surgery), and to determine whether these changes are related to cardiometabolic variables. Methods: The study included 57 participants with severe obesity (mean BMI = 43.1 ± 4.3 kg/m 2 ) who under- went sleeve gastrectomy (SG), biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD), or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), scanned prior to bariatric surgery and at follow-up visits of 4 months ( N = 36), 12 months ( N = 29), and 24 months ( N = 14) after surgery. We examined fALFF and ReHo measures across 1022 cortical and subcor- tical regions (based on combined Schaeffer-Xiao parcellations) using a linear mixed effect model. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) based on T1-weighted images was also used to measure GM density in the same regions. We also used an independent sample from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) to assess regional differences between individuals who had normal-weight ( N = 46) or severe obesity ( N = 46). Results: We found a global increase in the fALFF signal with greater increase within dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, precuneus, inferior temporal gyrus, and visual cortex. This effect was more significant 4 months after surgery. The increase within dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporal gyrus, and visual cortex was more limited after 12 months and only present in the visual cortex after 24 months. These increases in neural activity measured by fALFF were also significantly associated with the increase in GM density following surgery. Furthermore, the in- crease in neural activity was significantly related to post-surgery weight loss and improvement in cardiometabolic variables, such as blood pressure. In the independent HCP sample, normal-weight participants had higher global and regional fALFF signals, mainly in dorsolateral/medial frontal cortex, precuneus and middle/inferior temporal gyrus compared to the obese participants. These BMI-related differences in fALFF were associated with the in- crease in fALFF 4 months post-surgery especially in regions involved in control, default mode and dorsal attention networks. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss and improvement in metabolic factors are associated with widespread global and regional increases in neural activity, as measured by fALFF signal. These findings along- side the higher fALFF signal in normal-weight participants compared to participants with severe obesity in an independent dataset suggest an early recovery in the neural activity signal level after the surgery

Phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses reveal major differences between apple and pear scab nonhost resistance

Nonhost resistance is the outcome of most plant/pathogen interactions, but it has rarely been described in Rosaceous fruit species. Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) have a nonhost resistance to Venturia pyrina, the scab species attacking European pear (Pyrus communis L.). Reciprocally, P. communis have a nonhost resistance to Venturia inaequalis, the scab species attacking apple. The major objective of our study was to compare the scab nonhost resistance in apple and in European pear, at the phenotypic and transcriptomic levels.  Macro- and microscopic observations after reciprocal scab inoculations indicated that, after a similar germination step, nonhost apple/V. pyrina interaction remained nearly symptomless, whereas more hypersensitive reactions were observed during nonhost pear/V. inaequalis interaction. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of apple and pear nonhost interactions with V. pyrina and V. inaequalis, respectively, revealed differences. Very few differentially expressed genes were detected during apple/V. pyrina interaction, preventing the inferring of underlying molecular mechanisms. On the contrary, numerous genes were differentially expressed during pear/V. inaequalis interaction, allowing a deep deciphering. Pre-invasive defense, such as stomatal closure, could be inferred, as well as several post-invasive defense mechanisms (apoplastic reactive oxygen species accumulation, phytoalexin production and alterations of the epidermis composition). In addition, a comparative analysis between pear scab host and nonhost interactions indicated that, although specificities were observed, two major defense lines seems to be shared in these resistances: cell wall and cuticle potential modifications and phenylpropanoid pathway induction. This first deciphering of the molecular mechanisms underlying a nonhost scab resistance in pear offers new possibilities for the genetic engineering of sustainable scab resistance in this species. Concerning nonhost scab resistance in apple, further analyses must be considered with the aid of tools adapted to this resistance with very few cells engaged

Neuroanatomical changes in white and grey matter after sleeve gastrectomy

Background: MRI studies show that obese adults have reduced grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) tissue density as well as altered WM integrity. Bariatric surgery can lead to substantial weight loss and improvements in metabolic parameters, but it remains to be examined if it induces structural brain changes. The aim of this study was to characterize GM and WM density changes measured with MRI in a longitudinal setting following sleeve gastrectomy, and to determine whether any changes are related to inflammation and cardiometabolic blood markers. Methods: 29 participants with obesity (age: 45.9 ​± ​7.8 years) scheduled to undergo sleeve gastrectomy were recruited. High-resolution T1-weighted anatomical images were acquired 1 month prior to as well as 4 and 12 months after surgery. GM and WM densities were quantified using voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Circulating lipid profile, glucose, insulin and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) were measured at each time point. A linear mixed effect model was used to compare brain changes before and after SG, controlling for age, sex, initial BMI and diabetic status. To assess the associations between changes in adiposity, metabolism and inflammation and changes in GM or WM density, the mean GM and WM densities were extracted across all the participants using atlas-derived regions of interest, and linear mixed-effect models were used. Results: As expected, weight, BMI, waist circumference and neck circumference significantly decreased after SG compared with baseline (p ​< ​0.001 for all). A widespread increase in WM density was observed after surgery, particularly in the cerebellum, brain stem, cerebellar peduncle, cingulum, corpus callosum and corona radiata (p ​< ​0.05, after FDR correction). Significant increases in GM density were observed 4 months after SG compared to baseline in several brain regions such as the bilateral occipital cortex, temporal cortex, postcentral gyrus, cerebellum, hippocampus and insula as well as right fusiform gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, right lingual gyrus and right amygdala. These GM and WM increases were more pronounced and widespread after 12 months and were significantly associated with post-operative weight loss and the improvement of metabolic alterations. A linear mixed-effect model also showed associations between post-operative reductions in lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, a marker of inflammation, and increased WM density. To confirm our results, we tested whether the peak of each significant region showed BMI-related differences in an independent dataset (Human Connectome Project). We matched a group of individuals who were severely obese with a group of individuals who were lean for age, sex and ethnicity. Severe obesity was associated with reduced WM density in the brain stem and cerebellar peduncle as well as reduced GM density in cerebellum, regions that significantly changed after surgery (p ​< ​0.01 for all clusters). Conclusions: Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss and improvement in metabolic alterations is associated with widespread increases in WM and GM densities. These post-operative changes overlapped with baseline brain differences between participants who were severely obese and those who were normal-weight in a separate dataset, which may suggest a recovery of WM and GM alterations after bariatric surgery

Powder Injection Molding (PIM) for Low Cost Manufacturing of Intricate Parts to Net-Shape

Peer reviewed: NoNRC publication: Ye