Water Footprint Analysis in Krueng Aceh Watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia

Water is one the most important natural resources to maintain human life and all other living things in the earth. Around 65% water were consumed for drinking purpose, while others were used for daily needs. The increasing amount of work on water use and scarcity in relation to consumption and trade has led to the emergence of the field of Water Footprint (WF). Climate change, rural development, world population growth and industrialization have placed considerable stress on the local availability of water resources. Thus, it is necessary to perform study in order to analyze water demands and supply for sustainable water availability. Recently, water footprint analysis has been widely draw attention to the scientists and engineers. The water footprint analysis is closely related with virtual water from which it is defined as total water volume used for consumption and trade. The main aim of this present study is to analyze and assess the total water requirement based on community water footprint in Krueng Aceh watershed area. The virtual water used in this study are dominant consumption food commodities. The result shows that water footprint per capita in Krueng Aceh watershed area was 674.52 m3/year. Water footprint for rural and urban population were 608.27 m3/year and 740.77 m3/year respectively. The WF of food consumption in urban area of Krueng Aceh watershed is 690.74 m3 / capita / year and 584.22 m3/capita/year or average 625.69 m3/capita/year, while for non-food, the WF per capita is 24.05 m3/year in rural or 32.46% of the total water footprint. Non-food consumption per capita in Krueng Aceh and in urban areas is 50.03 m3/year or 67.53%. The total water demand based on the water footprint is 378,906,655.05 m3 in 2015 which is consumed by most of residents in the Krueng Aceh watershed area. Furthermore, total WF in rural and urban area are 193,489,128.95 m3 and 185,417,526.10 m3 respectively

Use of AGNPS Model to Estimate Watershed Scaled Erosion

Method of watershed scaled erosion prediction is different from plot scale erosion prediction. The objective of this study was to predict watershed scaled erosion by measuring sediment yield and using Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution (AGNPS) model. The plot scale experiment was set in randomized block design with 7 treatments i.e combination of ridges and raised beds. In the experiment, surface erosion was measured with soil pan method, watershed scale erosion (sediment yield) by sampling at the outlet. The method of watershed scale prediction were using AGNPS model. The result shows that AGNPS model was applicable to predict Tugu Utara sub watershed erosion (sediment yield) and simulate its land use management. The simulation of AGNPS model, with crop factor of 0.18 and slope length 5 m significantly reduced watershed erosion. This implies that AGNPS model is reliable to predict Tugu Utara sub watershed erosion and the model proves that watershed erosion is different from plot scale erosion

The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of micro fertigation system and application of cows fermented urine (uriferm) for chili (Capsicum annum sp.) Cultivation. The micro fertigation system with 0.5 mm inside diameter micro-tubing is used to control the flow from outlets along lateral. The lateral with 5/16 inch inside diameter is made of soft PVC hose. The result of the research showed that the micro fertigation system is running well. Randomized block design with four replications are used for the field experiment. There are four treatments i.e. conventional culture by watering can (A), uriferm fertigation (B), non uriferm fertigation (C), and Hartus formula fertigation (D). The laboratory analysis showed that the properties of uriferm increase in composition compared to non uriferm and used successfully as nutrition. The micro fertigation system showed better result compared to the watering can on variable observation of plant and root development of chili. The field experiments showed that the micro fertigation system significantly reduced volume of water used by 49.5% and raised chili yield by 61.2% compared to watering can. The uriferm fertigation (B) showed better result compared to other treatments on wet weight of chili and water productivity. The total income from 390 m2 irrigated land with micro fertigation system was about Rp 2,961,700,00/season and feasible to apply with B/C ratio = 1.51, IRR value = 27.49% and NPV = Rp 387,413.83 at discount rate 9% per annum. Key words: micro fertigation system, uriferm, chili, water productivity, small plots

The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of micro fertigation system and application of cows fermented urine (uriferm) for chili (Capsicum annum sp.) Cultivation.  The micro fertigation system with 0.5 mm inside diameter micro-tubing is used to control the flow from outlets along lateral.  The lateral with 5/16 inch inside diameter is made of soft PVC hose.  The result of the research showed that the micro fertigation system is running well. Randomized block design with four replications are used for the field experiment.  There are four treatments i.e. conventional culture by watering can (A), uriferm fertigation (B), non uriferm fertigation (C), and Hartus formula fertigation (D).  The laboratory analysis showed that the properties of uriferm increase in composition compared to non uriferm and used successfully as nutrition.  The micro fertigation system showed better result compared to the watering can on variable observation of plant and root development of chili.  The field experiments showed that the micro fertigation system significantly reduced volume of water used by 49.5% and raised chili yield by 61.2% compared to watering can.  The uriferm fertigation (B) showed better result compared to other treatments on wet weight of chili and water productivity.  The total income from 390 m2 irrigated land with micro fertigation system was about Rp 2,961,700,00/season and  feasible to apply with B/C ratio =  1.51, IRR value = 27.49% and NPV = Rp 387,413.83 at discount rate 9% per annum.   Key words: micro fertigation system, uriferm, chili, water productivity, small plot

Relationship Between Concentration and Discharge on Storm Events: Case Study at Cakardipa Catchment, Cisukabirus Subwatershed, Upper Ciliwung Watershed, Bogor, West Java

River nutrient loadings rates are frequently determined from discharge and hydrochemistry relationships using regression techniques. Unfortunately such methods as a conventional technique are inadequate for dealing with the problem such as differences in shape and direction of loop forming in individual and seasonal storms. Besides the relationships are nonlinear and time-dependent, they also varies from site to site. There is a currently method to study hysteresis between discharge and concentration of hydrochemistry. The relationship between discharge and solute concentration was investigated at Cakardipa catchment, Upper Ciliwung watershed, between the years of 2009-2010. The characteristics of the hysteresis loops were used to evaluate the temporal variation of the relative contribution to stream flow of source waters at Cakardipa Catchment including groundwater (CG), soil water (CSO), and rain water (CR). Chemical water analysis was carried out on 497 water samples on storm event. The chemical analysis of storm event of Februari 14, 2010 was carried out for the concentrations of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, SiO2, SO42-NO3-, Cl-, and HCO3-. Results of the experiment showed that concentrations displayed circular hysteresis loops during the events, highlighting the complex relation among solutes and discharge during storm hydrographs. The solutes of K, Na, and Ca produced  concave curvature, anti-clockwise hysteresis loops, and positive  trend, so that classified as A2 loops with components ranking were CR> CG> CSO. .The solutes of Mg, SO4, NO3 assumed to come from groundwater produced convex curvature, clockwise hysteresis loops, and positive trend, indicating a concentration component ranking of CG > CR > CSO (C2 model). While Si and Cl produced clockwise hysteresis loops, indicating a concentration component ranking of CG> CSO> CR  which was C1 model.Keywords: Discharge, hydrochemistry, hysteresis, storm event[How to Cite: Heryani N, H Pawitan, MYJ Purwanto and K Subagyono. 2012. Relationship between Concentration and Discharge on Storm Events: Case Study at Cakardipa Catchment, Cisukabirus Subwatershed, Upper Ciliwung Watershed, Bogor, West Java. J Trop Soils 17 (1): 85-95. doi: 10.5400/jts.2012.17.1.85] [Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.17.1.85

Detecting Tidal Flood Pattern with Landsat TM Remote Sensing Data in South Sumatra Coastal Area

Detecting the availability of sufficient water in tidal land management is important for agriculture. Tidal flood pattern provides an information of area where has tidal flood as well as drought by time and places. The objectives of this research are 1) to study the tidal flood spatial pattern by using real time data and digital data image processing, 2) to determine a tidal flood classification based on ground water level on a specific locationand time, and 3) to study the hydrological factors affecting the flood. The tidal flood pattern can be classified within a block by their ground water fluctuation. The visual analysis with four image of different time, gives a clear differences between tidal flood pattern change and tidal fluctuation. The classification on the moist Landsat TM image after a Tesseled Cap transformation can produce classified image with similar flooded condition with the same range of ground water level. After the test, the tidalflooded pattern was found similar with the classification results. The tidal flood pattern is also recognized having a specific relationship with land use or land utilization type. The land use and land management affect the pattern. The application of geographical information system, especially remote sensing digital image data analysis, will help in determining tidal flood pattern as well as the ground water spatial pattern

The objective of this research is to develop a model of water table fluctuation on tidal lowland area of B/C type. Modeling of water table is expected to support the agriculture development on tidal lowland area, especially on water management due to the important role of water management in the agriculture on tidal lowland area. The water table controls on the particular depth can support the farming system and avoid pyrite oxidation. The model of water table fluctuation which is developed in this research based on the ellipse concept. The developed model has been tested on the tidal lowland areas in P6-3N Delta Telang I, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra Province. The simulated model showed the promoting result in estimating the depth of water table on tidal lowland area of B/C type. The developed model could explain the proportion of water table depth variation between 89.5% up to 94.7% with standard error estimation varied from 0.029 to 0.042 meters. The model has high sensitivity to the parameter of the water level in the tertiary canals. Key words: modeling, water table, water management, tidal lowland area of B/C type

The objective of this research is to develop a model of water table fluctuation on tidal lowland area of B/C type.  Modeling of water table is expected to support the agriculture development on tidal lowland area, especially on water management due to the important role of water management in the agriculture on tidal lowland area. The water table controls on the particular depth can support the farming system and avoid pyrite oxidation. The model of water table fluctuation which is developed in this research based on the ellipse concept. The developed model has been tested on the tidal lowland areas in P6-3N Delta Telang I, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra Province. The simulated model showed the promoting result in estimating the depth of water table on tidal lowland area of B/C type. The developed model could explain the proportion of water table depth variation between 89.5% up to 94.7% with standard error estimation varied from 0.029 to 0.042 meters. The model has high sensitivity to the parameter of the water level in the tertiary canals.   Key words: modeling, water table, water management, tidal lowland area of B/C typ

Study of Shoreline Changes at Jeneberang River Delta, Makassar

The study of shoreline changes during 1990 - 2008 in the delta of the River Jeneberang, Makassar was conducted by evaluating sediment transport into and out of a cell. Longshore sediment transport was computed by considering the influence of heights and angles of the breaking waves. Results of calculation of sediment transport showed that the dominant of sediment transport was to the north during the arrival of the southwest and west waves, and to the south when the wave coming from the northwest. Comparison between shore profiles resulting from model and coastline satellite imagery showed similarity. The difference between the two tend to be occurred at the head land part of the shoreline. This was due to complexity of coastal dynamic at the area. The results of the 19 years shoreline simulation showed that there was a tendency of abrasion at the upsteam head land part as the wave energy tend to converge and accretion at the bay part as the wave energy tend to diverge. Abrasion mainly occurred at Tanjung Bunga (head land) where the coast retreat 181.1 m. Accretion occur in the bay area (Tanjung Merdeka) where the coast advance to the sea for about 59.8 m. The shoreline tend to be stable when the profile was straight such as Barombong Coast

Identifying Areas Affected By Fires In Sumatra Based On TIME Series Of Remotely Sensed Fire Hotspots And Spatial Modeling

Wildfires threaten the environment not only at local scales, but also at wider scales. Rapid monitoring system to detect active wildfires has been provided by satellite remote sensing technology, particularly through the advancement on thermal infrared sensors. However, satellite-based fire hotspots data, even at relatively high temporal resolution of less than one-day revisit period, such as time series of fire hotspots collected from TERRA and AQUA MODIS, do not tell exactly if they are fire ignitions or fire escapes, since other factors like wind, slope, and fuel biomass significantly drive the fire spread. Meanwhile, a number of biophysical fire simulation models have been developed, as tools to understand the roles of biophysical factors on the spread of wildfires. Those models explicitly incorporate effects of slope, wind direction, wind speed, and vegetative fuel on the spreading rate of surface fire from the ignition points across a fuel bed, based on either field or laboratory experiments. Nevertheless, none of those models have been implemented using real time fire data at relatively large extent areas. This study is aimed at incorporating spatially explicit time series data of weather (i.e. wind direction and wind speed), remotely sensed fuel biomass and remotely sensed fire hotspots, as well as incorporating more persistent biophysical factors (i.e. terrain), into an agent-based fire spread model, in order to identify fire ignitions within time series of remotely sensed fire hotspots