35,847 research outputs found
Confidentiality in Patent Dispute Resolution: Antitrust implications
nformation is crucial to the functioning of the patent system, as it is for other markets. Nevertheless, patent licensing terms are often subject to confidentiality agreements. On the one hand, this is not surprising: sellers and buyers do not normally publicize the details of their transactions. On the other hand, explicit confidentiality agreements are not common in other markets, and they may be particularly problematic for patents.
Several United States Supreme Court cases have condemned agreements that suppress market information, and those cases could be applied to confidentiality agreements in the patent context. Of course, confidentiality may sometimes be pro-competitive, particularly when it involves only private negotiations. In other contexts, however, and notably in arbitration, which is a substitute for open court proceedings, the competitive balance is more problematic. Indeed, U.S. patent law mandates that patent arbitration awards be made public through the Patent and Trademark Office, though this requirement is generally ignored.
Information about licensing terms is particularly important in one of today’s most important patent licensing contexts. The standard-setting organizations that define the technologies used in products like smartphones typically require their members to commit to license patented technologies that are adopted in standards on fair, reasonable, and non- discriminatory (FRAND) terms. The non-discriminatory element of this commitment is difficult for potential licensees to enforce without information about the licensing terms to which other licensees have agreed.
This Article describes the value of patent licensing information and discusses the antitrust implications of agreements to keep that information confidential, particularly in the FRAND context and in arbitration. The Article also offers several ways in which parties, standard- setting organizations, and arbitration bodies could seek to avoid the anticompetitive effects of confidentiality
Prospects for Measurement of the Neutrino Mass Hierarchy
The unknown neutrino mass hierarchy -- whether the mass eigenstate is
the heaviest or the lightest -- represents a major gap in our knowledge of
neutrino properties. Determining the hierarchy is a critical step toward
further precision measurements in the neutrino sector. The hierarchy is also
central to interpreting the next generation of neutrinoless double beta decay
results, plays a role in numerous cosmological and astrophysical questions, and
serves as a powerful model discriminant for theories of neutrino mass
generation and unification. Various current and planned experiments claim
sensitivity for establishing the neutrino mass hierarchy. We review the most
promising of these here, paying special attention to points of concern and
consolidating the projected sensitivities into an outlook for the years ahead.Comment: Uploading final version. 13 pages, 7 figure
Library Event Matching event classification algorithm for electron neutrino interactions in the NOvA detectors
We describe the Library Event Matching classification algorithm implemented
for use in the NOvA oscillation measurement.
Library Event Matching, developed in a different form by the earlier MINOS
experiment, is a powerful approach in which input trial events are compared to
a large library of simulated events to find those that best match the input
event. A key feature of the algorithm is that the comparisons are based on all
the information available in the event, as opposed to higher-level derived
quantities. The final event classifier is formed by examining the details of
the best-matched library events. We discuss the concept, definition,
optimization, and broader applications of the algorithm as implemented here.
Library Event Matching is well-suited to the monolithic, segmented detectors of
NOvA and thus provides a powerful technique for event discrimination.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures. Minor fixe
Design requirements for high-efficiency high concentration ratio space solar cells
A miniaturized Cassegrainian concentrator system concept was developed for low cost, multikilowatt space solar arrays. The system imposes some requirements on solar cells which are new and different from those imposed for conventional applications. The solar cells require a circular active area of approximately 4 mm in diameter. High reliability contacts are required on both front and back surfaces. The back area must be metallurgically bonded to a heat sink. The cell should be designed to achieve the highest practical efficiency at 100 AMO suns and at 80 C. The cell design must minimize losses due to nonuniform illumination intensity and nonnormal light incidence. The primary radiation concern is the omnidirectional proton environment
Quantification of drag and lift imposed by pop-up satellite archival tags and estimation of the metabolic cost to cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus)
The recent development of the pop-up satellite archival tag
(PSAT) has allowed the collection of information on a tagged animal, such as geolocation, pressure (depth), and
ambient water temperature. The success of early studies, where PSATs were used on pelagic fishes, has spurred increasing interest in the use of these tags on a large variety of species and age groups. However, some species and age groups may not be suitable candidates for carrying a
PSAT because of the relatively large size of the tag and the consequent energy cost to the study animal. We examined potential energetic costs to carrying a tag for the cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus). Two forces act on an animal tagged with a PSAT: lift from the PSATs buoyancy and drag as
the tag is moved through the water column. In a freshwater flume, a spring scale measured the total force exerted by a PSAT at flume velocities from 0.00 to 0.60 m/s. By measuring
the angle of deflection of the PSAT at each velocity, we separated total force into its constituent forces — lift and
drag. The power required to carry a PSAT horizontally through the water was then calculated from the drag force and velocity. Using published metabolic rates, we calculated the power for a ray of a given size to swim at a specified velocity (i.e., its swimming power). For each velocity, the power required to carry a PSAT was compared to the swimming power expressed as a percentage, %TAX (Tag
Altered eXertion). A %TAX greater than 5% was felt to be energetically significant. Our analysis indicated that a ray larger than 14.8 kg can carry a PSAT without exceeding this criterion. This method of estimating swimming power can be applied to other species and would allow a researcher to decide the suitability of a given study animal for tagging with a PSAT
Battery storage optimization and design studies
Storage effects on performance of silver zinc and silver cadmium batterie
Summary of Discussion Question 4: Energy Expandability of a Linear Collider
We report on Discussion Question 4, in Sub-group 1 (`TeV-class') of the
Snowmass Working Group E3: `Experimental Approaches: Linear Colliders', which
addresses the energy expandability of a linear collider. We first synthesize
discussions of the energy reach of the hardware of the 500 GeV designs for
TESLA and NLC/JLC. Next, we review plans for increasing the energy to 800-1000
GeV. We then look at options for expanding the energies to 1500 GeV and sketch
the two-beam accelerator approach to achieving multi-TeV energies.Comment: Presented at Snowmass 2001 (6 pages, 2 figures
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