Blood Profile of Beef Cattle Offered Mulberry Leave Meal to Substitute Feed Concentrate

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of mulberry leave meal to substitute concentrate in rice straw based ration on blood profiles of Ongole crossbreed cattle. This experiment was carried out according to completely randomized design consisted of 3 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were P1 (50% rice straw + 50% concentrate), P2 (50% rice straw + 25% concentrate + 25% mulberry leave meal), and P3 (50% rice straw + 50% mulberry leave meal). Parameters measured were blood profiles, i.e. blood glucose, blood cholesterol and blood HDL. The results showed that substitution of concentrate with mulberry leave meal significantly reduced (P<0.05) blood glucose and increased blood cholesterol and HDL. It is concluded that mulberry leave meal can be used to substitute concentrate and give a positive effect on glucose, cholesterol,and HDL contents of blood

Substitution of Concentrate with Mulberry Leaves in Ongole Grade Cattle Fed Rice Straw Based Diet

An experiment was conducted to assess the substitution of concentrate with mulberry (Morus spp.) leaves combined with rice straw offered to beef cattle. The study used 12 male Ongole grade cattle weighing 217+10.53 kg. Rations consisted of rice straw, mulberry leaves and concentrate. Research was carried out according to completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 4 replications for each treatment. The treatments were: P1= 50% rice straw + 50% concentrate; P2= 50% rice straw + 25% concentrate + 25% mulberry; P3= 50% rice straw + 50% mulberry. The results of the study indicated that rumen fermentation in cattlle fed on P2 ration was more effective than those receiving P1 and P3 rations. The fermentation was characterized by a higher production of total VFA and allantoin excretion in the urine. The presence of 1-deoxynojirimycin  (DNJ) compound of mulberry leaves in the rumen system in treatment P2 and P3 improved digestibility of fiber fractions of rice straw-based rations. Mulberry leaves in rations also accounted for isoacids in the rumen system, which supported the development of cellulolytic bacteria. In conclusion, mulberry leaves containing concentrate had a potency to substitute concentrate when used together with  fiber source feed such as rice straw

The Effect of Giving Sago Waste, Shrimp Waste and Its Combination on Cholesterol Level and Growth of White Rat

Cholesterol is very beneficial for the body but it needs attention when its level is increasing in the blood. The objective of the study was to determine cholesterol level and growth rate of white rat fed on ration containing sago waste, shrimp waste and their combinations. Fourty males Spraque dowley rats, aged two months with average body weight was 195.62 g, were randomly assigned to one of ten experimental treatments according to completely randomised design with four replication for each treatment. The treatments were R0 (control diet), ASA 20 LU 0 (20% sago waste and 0% shrimp waste), ASA 0 LU 10 (0% sago waste and 10% shrimp waste), ASA 17.5 LU 2.5 (17.5% sago waste and 2.5% shrimp waste), ASA 15 LU 5 % (15% sago waste and 5% shrimp waste), ASA 12.5 LU 7.5 (12.5% sago waste and 7.5% shrimp waste), ASA 10 LU 10 (10% sago waste and 10% shrimp waste), ASA 7.5 LU 12.5 (7.5% sago waste and 12.5% shrimp waste), ASA 5 LU 15 (5% sago waste and 15% shrimp waste %), ASA 2.5 LU 17.5 (2.5% sago waste and 17.5% shrimp waste).Variables measured included feed intake, live weight gain, plasma cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride and meat cholesterol. The results showed that treatments had no (P>0.05) effects on feed intake, live weight gain, feed efficiency, plasma HDL and LDL as well as meat cholesterol. However significant differences (P<0.01) were found on plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride due to treatment. The lowest levels of plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride were observed for treatment ASA 15 LU which were 45.95 mg/dl and 43.81 mg/dl,crespectively. It can be concluded that levels of sago waste, shrimp waste and the combinations in the ration do not affect feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, plasma HDL, plasma LDL and meat cholesterol but it affected plasma triglycerides and plasma cholesterol of rat

Potency of 1 - Deoxynojirimycin Compounds for Slowed Hydrolysis of Various Carbohydrates by Raw Enzymes of the Rumen Liquid

Compound of 1- deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) in the mulberry leave extract (MLE) potentially hamper the hydrolysis process of various carbohydrates. This experiment aimed to study dynamic concentration of reductive sugar resulted from the hydrolysis of various carbohydrates by raw enzymes of the rumen liquid, with or without the addition of mulberry leave extract containing 1-deoxynojirimycin. Materials tested are maltose, sucrose, starch and cellulose. The result of the experiment showed that the addition of mulberry leave extract on the media with the substrate of maltose hampered the activity of Maltase. It was concluded that MLE containing DNJ can be used as an agent of slow release mechanism of non-structural carbohydrates, especially maltose, in the rumen system

Efektivitas Daun Murbei Sebagai Pengganti Konsentrat Dalam Sistem Rumen in Vitro

Mulberry leave has a great potential as animal feed because of its high nutrient content. It also has deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) compound, that is potential to increase fermentability of fibrous feed in ruminal system. An in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate the capability of mulberry leaves to substitute concentrate as feed for ruminant in increasing fermentability of fibrous feed in ruminal system. This experiment was carried out using randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments were: P0 (50% rice straw + 50% concentrate) as a control, P1 (50% rice straw + 37.5% concentrate + 12.5% mulberry leave), P2 (50% rice straw + 25% concentrate + 25% mulberry leave), P3 (50% rice straw + 12.5% concentrate + 37.5% mulberry leave), P4 (50% rice straw + 50% mulberry leave). Variables measured were fermentability (NH3 and VFA concentrations), pH, gas production, dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and duncan multiple range test was further used to test the significant differences. VFA concentration, dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility were significantly difference (P < 0.05) among treatments. However, there was no significant effect on the other variables. It is concluded that mulberry leave are able to substitute the concentrate and increased fermentability of fibrous feed in ruminal system

Blood Profile of Beef Cattle offered Mulberry Leave Meal to Substitute Feed Concentrate

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of mulberry leave meal to substitute concentrate in rice straw based ration on blood profiles of Ongole crossbreed cattle. This experiment was carried out according to completely randomized design consisted of 3 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were P1 (50% rice straw + 50% concentrate), P2 (50% rice straw + 25% concentrate + 25% mulberry leave meal), and P3 (50% rice straw + 50% mulberry leave meal). Parameters measured were blood profiles, i.e. blood glucose, blood cholesterol and blood HDL. The results showed that substitution of concentrate with mulberry leave meal significantly reduced (P&lt;0.05) blood glucose and increased blood cholesterol and HDL. It is concluded that mulberry leave meal can be used to substitute concentrate and give a positive effect on glucose, cholesterol,and HDL contents of blood

The Effect of Giving Sago Waste, Shrimp Waste and its Combination on Cholesterol Level and Growth of White Rat

Cholesterol is very beneficial for the body but it needs attention when its level is increasing in the blood. The objective of the study was to determine cholesterol level and growth rate of white rat fed on ration containing sago waste, shrimp waste and their combinations. Fourty males Spraque dowley rats, aged two months with average body weight was 195.62 g, were randomly assigned to one of ten experimental treatments according to completely randomised design with four replication for each treatment. The treatments were  R0 (control diet), ASA 20 LU 0 (20% sago waste  and 0% shrimp waste),  ASA 0 LU 10 (0% sago waste and 10% shrimp waste), ASA 17.5 LU 2.5 (17.5% sago waste and 2.5% shrimp waste), ASA 15 LU 5 % (15% sago waste  and 5% shrimp waste), ASA 12.5 LU 7.5  (12.5% sago waste  and 7.5% shrimp waste),  ASA 10 LU 10 (10% sago waste  and 10% shrimp waste), ASA 7.5 LU 12.5  (7.5% sago waste and 12.5% shrimp waste), ASA 5 LU 15  (5% sago waste and 15% shrimp waste %), ASA 2.5 LU 17.5 (2.5% sago waste  and 17.5% shrimp waste).Variables measured included feed intake,  live weight gain, plasma cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride and meat cholesterol. The results showed that treatments had no (P&gt;0.05) effects on feed intake, live weight gain, feed efficiency, plasma HDL and LDL as well as meat cholesterol. However significant differences (P&lt;0.01) were found on plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride due to treatment. The lowest levels of plasma cholesterol and plasma triglyceride were observed for treatment ASA 15 LU which were 45.95 mg/dl and 43.81 mg/dl,crespectively. It can be concluded that levels of sago waste, shrimp waste and the combinations in the ration do not affect feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency, plasma HDL, plasma LDL and meat cholesterol but it affected plasma triglycerides and plasma cholesterol of rat.

Potency of 1 - deoxynojirimycin Compounds for Slowed Hydrolysis of Various Carbohydrates by Raw Enzymes of the Rumen Liquid

Compound of 1- deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) in the mulberry leave extract (MLE) potentially hamper the hydrolysis process of various carbohydrates. This experiment aimed to study dynamic concentration of reductive sugar resulted from the hydrolysis of various carbohydrates by raw enzymes of the rumen liquid, with or without the addition of mulberry leave extract containing 1-deoxynojirimycin. Materials tested are maltose, sucrose, starch and cellulose.  The result of the experiment showed that the addition of mulberry leave extract on the media with the substrate of maltose hampered the activity of maltase.  It was concluded that MLE containing DNJ can be used as an agent of slow release mechanism of non-structural carbohydrates, especially maltose, in the rumen system

Efektivitas Daun Murbei Sebagai Pengganti Konsentrat dalam Sistem Rumen in Vitro

Mulberry leave has a great potential as animal feed because of its high nutrient content. It also has deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) compound, that is potential to increase fermentability of fibrous feed in ruminal system. An in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate the capability of mulberry leaves to substitute concentrate as feed for ruminant in increasing fermentability of fibrous feed in ruminal system. This experiment was carried out using randomized block design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments were: P0 (50% rice straw + 50% concentrate) as a control, P1 (50% rice straw + 37.5% concentrate + 12.5% mulberry leave), P2 (50% rice straw + 25% concentrate + 25% mulberry leave), P3 (50% rice straw + 12.5% concentrate + 37.5% mulberry leave), P4 (50% rice straw + 50% mulberry leave). Variables measured were fermentability (NH3 and VFA concentrations), pH, gas production, dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and duncan multiple range test was further used to test the significant differences. VFA concentration, dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility were significantly difference (P < 0.05) among treatments. However, there was no significant effect on the other variables. It is concluded that mulberry leave are able to substitute the concentrate and increased fermentability of fibrous feed in ruminal system. Key words: mulberry leave, rice straw, ruminal fermentation, in vitr

Tigers Need Cover: Multi-Scale Occupancy Study of the Big Cat in Sumatran Forest and Plantation Landscapes

The critically endangered Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae Pocock, 1929) is generally known as a forest-dependent animal. With large-scale conversion of forests into plantations, however, it is crucial for restoration efforts to understand to what extent tigers use modified habitats. We investigated tiger-habitat relationships at 2 spatial scales: occupancy across the landscape and habitat use within the home range. Across major landcover types in central Sumatra, we conducted systematic detection, non-detection sign surveys in 47, 17×17 km grid cells. Within each cell, we surveyed 40, 1-km transects and recorded tiger detections and habitat variables in 100 m segments totaling 1,857 km surveyed. We found that tigers strongly preferred forest and used plantations of acacia and oilpalm, far less than their availability. Tiger probability of occupancy covaried positively and strongly with altitude, positively with forest area, and negatively with distance-to-forest centroids. At the fine scale, probability of habitat use by tigers across landcover types covaried positively and strongly with understory cover and altitude, and negatively and strongly with human settlement. Within forest areas, tigers strongly preferred sites that are farther from water bodies, higher in altitude, farther from edge, and closer to centroid of large forest block; and strongly preferred sites with thicker understory cover, lower level of disturbance, higher altitude, and steeper slope. These results indicate that to thrive, tigers depend on the existence of large contiguous forest blocks, and that with adjustments in plantation management, tigers could use mosaics of plantations (as additional roaming zones), riparian forests (as corridors) and smaller forest patches (as stepping stones), potentially maintaining a metapopulation structure in fragmented landscapes. This study highlights the importance of a multi-spatial scale analysis and provides crucial information relevant to restoring tigers and other wildlife in forest and plantation landscapes through improvement in habitat extent, quality, and connectivity