Efeito de idade e cor da pelagem de caprinos sobre sua temperatura corporal no nordeste brasileiro

An experiment was conducted to find out the variation body temperature of goats, between ages, and to check if the colour of the goats (black or white) had any relevance in influencing the variation in body temperature in the Northeast of Brazil. Highly significant differences were found between ages, and mean body temperature declined with age. However; maximum variation occurred between morning and afternoon, and the afternoon temperature increase was significantly higher, in. weaned and adult goats, than in the newly born kids. This difference represents en effect of both age and management of the animals. All animals were kept indoors, and hence this effect may also have to do with the relatively higher movement among adult animals, than among the newly born ones. Significant day-to-day variation in mean body temperature was also observed. Colour of the animal had no influence on the body temperature of goats.Analisou-se o efeito da idade e da cor da pelagem - preta e branca, respectivamente - sobre a temperatura corporal de caprinos na região do trópico semi-árido do Nordeste do Brasil. Diferenças significantes foram encontradas entre idades, e a média da temperatura corporal declinou, de acordo com a idade. Contudo, a variação máxima ocorreu, entre manhã e tarde. Durante o período da tarde, o aumento foi significativamente superior, em caprinos desmamados e adultos, do que em caprinos recém-nascidos. Esta diferença representa um efeito conjunto de idade e manejo. Todos os animais permaneceram no aprisco; portanto, este efeito pode também ter resultado dum movimento relativamente maior entre os animais desmamados e adultos do que entre recém-nascidos. Observou-se, também, entre dias, uma significante variação na temperatura corporal dos animais. A cor da pelagem do animal não teve qualquer influência na temperatura corporal de caprinos

Frequência respiratória em caprinos pretos e brancos de diferentes idades

This study was undertaken to measure the frequency of respiration per minute (FR) in weaning and in mature white and black goats during the hot dry season. Maximum variation occurred between 7 a.m. (FR 18.2) and 2 p.m. (FR 33.4). There was no change in the mean FR from around weaning (112 days) to adulthood (2 to 2.5. years), but black goats respired at higher rate than white. The increase in the afternoon FR was significantly in black goats than in white ones.O estudo foi delineado para medir a frequência respiratória em caprinos desmamados e adultos, de pelagem branca e preta, durante a estação seca e quente, caracterizada por uma temperatura ambiente média de 28°C pela manhã e 35°C à tarde, com uma umidade relativa de 65% às 7:00 horas e 28% às 14h. Os resultados mostraram uma variação na FR entre às 7:00 e 14:00 horas de 18,2 e 33,4 resp/min., respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre as médias da FR para os animais desmamados (112 dias) e para os adultos (2, a 2,5 anos), entretanto observou-se que os caprinos de pelagem preta apresentaram uma maior FR do que os brancos. A elevação à tarde da FR foi significativamente superior (P < 0,05) em caprinos de pelagem preta do que nos de pelagem branca

Variation in body temperature of goats and hairy sheep in Sobral, Brazil

Foi conduzido um experimento em Sobral, CE, região semi-árida do Nordeste do Brasil, visando medir a temperatura corporal pela manhã (7:00 h) e à tarde (14:00 h), em animais de diferentes raças de ovinos sem-lã e caprinos, depois de terem permanecido expostos à radiação solar sob condições simuladas de pastejo. Em geral, não houve diferença entre as espécies ovina e caprina. No entanto, diferenças significativas (P<0,05) foram observadas entre as raças estudadas quando as médias das temperaturas corporais foram calculadas separadamente, de manhã e à tarde. A máxima elevação na temperatura retal foi observada às 14:00 h, em caprinos da raça Canindé e ovinos da raça Santa Inês, enquanto um aumento relativamente menor foi exibido pelos caprinos das raças Bhuj e Anglo -Nubiana e pelos ovinos da raça Morada Nova. Uma menor elevação na temperatura retal é considerada como índice de melhor adaptabilidade. A variação periódica das médias da temperatura corporal tomada às 14:00 h, em geral, foi estreitamente associada às flutuações ocorridas na temperatura ambiente no período da tarde.This experiment was conducted on breeds of goats and woolless sheep in the tropical northeast Brazil to measure their body temperatures in the morning (at 7:00A.M.) and in the afternoon (at 2:00 P.M.) after exposure to direct solar radiation under simulated conditions of normal grazing. In general there were no marked differences between species of sheep and goats. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed between breeds when body temperatures were averaged separately for morning and afternoon. The maximum rise in body temperature at 2:00 P.M. was observed in Canindé goats and Santa Inés sheep and relatively minor increases were observed in Bhuj and Anglo-Nubian goats and Morada Nova sheep; minor increases were considered as indices of better adaptability. The overall periodic variations at 2:00 P.M. in body temperatures were closely associated with the fluctuations in the afternoon environmental temperatures

Influência da cor da pelagem na regulação do calor em caprinos e ovinos sem-lã no trópico

This experiment was conducted during the hottest and the leanest period of the year in the tropical semi-arid northeast of Brazil to evaluate the relative response of black and white varieties (with the colour of skin and of hair being the same) of goats and hairy sheep to grazing under direct solar radiation. There was a marked increase in midside-skin (MS), ear-skin (ES) and rectal temperatures (RT) and respiratory rate (RR) at 2 P.M. The afternoon increase was more in sheep in MS, RT and RR, but ES increased more in goats. Black animals had uniformly higher MS. White sheep had higher ES but in goats colour had no effect. Right ES was higher in sheep and there was some tendency of higher right ES in general. The black goats respired at much higher rates than the white, but in sheep, colour did not influence RR. Colour of animals did not influence RT. There was significant day-to-day variation, possibly associated with small fluctuations in environmental temperature, in MS, ES and RR but not in RT. The results indicate that goats appear to be better adapted than hairy sheep and white goats better than black goats under local climatic conditions.Este experimento foi conduzido na região tropical do nordeste Brasileiro para avaliar a resposta relativa ao calor dos caprinos e ovinos sem-lã de pelagem (pele + pêlo) branca e preta em pastejo e expostos diretamente à radiação solar. Houve um aumento marcante nas temperaturas da pele da costela (PC), pele da orelha (PO) e retal (TR) e no rítmo respiratório (RR) às 14h. À tarde, a elevação foi maior em ovinos na PC, TR e no RR, mas PO aumentou mais nos caprinos. Animais pretos tinham, uniformemente, maior PC. Os ovinos brancos exibiram maior PO, mas no caprinos a cor não influenciou. ES direita foi superior em ovinos e houve tendência da PO direita ser, em geral, superior. Caprinos de cor preta apresentaram maior elevação no RR do que os de cor branca, mas nos ovinos a cor não influenciou o RR. Cor da pelagem não teve influência na TR. Houve uma variação diária significante na PC, PO e RR, mas não na TR, possivelmente associado com flutuações na temperatura ambiental. Resultados indicam que caprinos parecem ser melhor adaptados do que ovinos sem-lã e caprinos brancos melhor que caprinos pretos sob as condições climáticas locais

Avaliação de rações com diferentes níveis de fibra para ovinos

Twelve castracted and mature rams of Morada Nova breed were used in a 3 x 2 factorial experiment to study 3 rations containing 60, 70 and 80% of corn crop residue and 23, 13 and 3% corn meal respectively in two different periods. In the second period, animals were rotated among treaments. All rations contained 17% of cottonseed meal, about 9.2% of crude protein in dry matter and were isonitrogenous. There were no significant differences between rations (P>0.05) in digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen-free extract and total digestible nutrients. Differences between rations (P0.05).Foram utilizados doze carneiros adultos castrados da raça Morada Nova, num experimento fatorial 3 x 2, com três rações, contendo 60, 70 e 80% de restolho de cultura de milho e 23,13 e 3% de grãos de milho moído, respectivamente, em dois períodos de 21 dias cada. No segundo período, foi feita uma rotação dos animais para cada ração. Todas as rações continham 17% de torta de algodão. As rações foram isoprotéicas com 9,2% de proteína bruta na matéria seca. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença (P>0,05), entre rações, na digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrativo não nitrogenado e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Diferença significativa (P0,05)

Substitution of legume hays for cottonseed cake in rations based on corn crop residues for sheep under confinement

Dois experimentos usando ovinos deslanados testaram a substituição da torta de algodão por feno de leguminosas em rações com restolho da cultura do milho. No primeiro experimento, foi usada uma ração-base de 51% restolho do milho, 28% torta de algodão, 20% milho e 1% sal, na qual a torta de algodão foi substituída por 5%, 10%, e 15% de feno de mata-pasto (Cassia sericea), enquanto um lote-testemunha era mantido em pastoreio. Os animais confinados ganharam 95, 106, 103 e 93 gramas/cabeça/dia (P>0,05), para as rações com 0%, 5%, 10% e 15% de mata-pasto, respectivamente. Os animais em pastoreio perderam 11 gramas/cabeça/dia (P0.05) for the rations with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of "mata-pasto", respectively. The grazing animals lost 11 grams/head/day, (P<0.05). In the second experiment, the cottonseed cake was either partially (50%) or totally replaced by "mata-pasto" or "cunhã" (Clitoria ternatea) hays, while the grazing sheep received a supplementation of 200 grams of corn grain/head/day. With the exception of the treatment in which the cottonseed cake was totally replaced by "mata-pasto" hay, the other treatments with confined animals showed gains above 100 grams/head/day, which were higher than (P<0.01) the 42 grams/head/day for the grazing animals. The results indicate that it is possible to substitute "mata-pasto" hay for cottonseed cake at levels up to 50%, while the total substitution can be made "cunhã" is used

Cloning and Characterization of Maize miRNAs Involved in Responses to Nitrogen Deficiency

Although recent studies indicated that miRNAs regulate plant adaptive responses to nutrient deprivation, the functional significance of miRNAs in adaptive responses to nitrogen (N) limitation remains to be explored. To elucidate the molecular biology underlying N sensing/signaling in maize, we constructed four small RNA libraries and one degradome from maize seedlings exposed to N deficiency. We discovered a total of 99 absolutely new loci belonging to 47 miRNA families by small RNA deep sequencing and degradome sequencing, as well as 9 new loci were the paralogs of previously reported miR169, miR171, and miR398, significantly expanding the reported 150 high confidence genes within 26 miRNA families in maize. Bioinformatic and subsequent small RNA northern blot analysis identified eight miRNA families (five conserved and three newly identified) differentially expressed under the N-deficient condition. Predicted and degradome-validated targets of the newly identified miRNAs suggest their involvement in a broad range of cellular responses and metabolic processes. Because maize is not only an important crop but is also a genetic model for basic biological research, our research contributes to the understanding of the regulatory roles of miRNAs in plant adaption to N-deficiency stress

Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Background Improving survival and extending the longevity of life for all populations requires timely, robust evidence on local mortality levels and trends. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides a comprehensive assessment of all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2015. These results informed an in-depth investigation of observed and expected mortality patterns based on sociodemographic measures. Methods We estimated all-cause mortality by age, sex, geography, and year using an improved analytical approach originally developed for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010. Improvements included refinements to the estimation of child and adult mortality and corresponding uncertainty, parameter selection for under-5 mortality synthesis by spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, and sibling history data processing. We also expanded the database of vital registration, survey, and census data to 14 294 geography–year datapoints. For GBD 2015, eight causes, including Ebola virus disease, were added to the previous GBD cause list for mortality. We used six modelling approaches to assess cause-specific mortality, with the Cause of Death Ensemble Model (CODEm) generating estimates for most causes. We used a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific mortality as they relate to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility. Second, we examined factors affecting total mortality patterns through a series of counterfactual scenarios, testing the magnitude by which population growth, population age structures, and epidemiological changes contributed to shifts in mortality. Finally, we attributed changes in life expectancy to changes in cause of death. We documented each step of the GBD 2015 estimation processes, as well as data sources, in accordance with Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Findings Globally, life expectancy from birth increased from 61·7 years (95% uncertainty interval 61·4–61·9) in 1980 to 71·8 years (71·5–72·2) in 2015. Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa had very large gains in life expectancy from 2005 to 2015, rebounding from an era of exceedingly high loss of life due to HIV/AIDS. At the same time, many geographies saw life expectancy stagnate or decline, particularly for men and in countries with rising mortality from war or interpersonal violence. From 2005 to 2015, male life expectancy in Syria dropped by 11·3 years (3·7–17·4), to 62·6 years (56·5–70·2). Total deaths increased by 4·1% (2·6–5·6) from 2005 to 2015, rising to 55·8 million (54·9 million to 56·6 million) in 2015, but age-standardised death rates fell by 17·0% (15·8–18·1) during this time, underscoring changes in population growth and shifts in global age structures. The result was similar for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with total deaths from these causes increasing by 14·1% (12·6–16·0) to 39·8 million (39·2 million to 40·5 million) in 2015, whereas age-standardised rates decreased by 13·1% (11·9–14·3). Globally, this mortality pattern emerged for several NCDs, including several types of cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cirrhosis, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. By contrast, both total deaths and age-standardised death rates due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional conditions significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, gains largely attributable to decreases in mortality rates due to HIV/AIDS (42·1%, 39·1–44·6), malaria (43·1%, 34·7–51·8), neonatal preterm birth complications (29·8%, 24·8–34·9), and maternal disorders (29·1%, 19·3–37·1). Progress was slower for several causes, such as lower respiratory infections and nutritional deficiencies, whereas deaths increased for others, including dengue and drug use disorders. Age-standardised death rates due to injuries significantly declined from 2005 to 2015, yet interpersonal violence and war claimed increasingly more lives in some regions, particularly in the Middle East. In 2015, rotaviral enteritis (rotavirus) was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to diarrhoea (146 000 deaths, 118 000–183 000) and pneumococcal pneumonia was the leading cause of under-5 deaths due to lower respiratory infections (393 000 deaths, 228 000–532 000), although pathogen-specific mortality varied by region. Globally, the effects of population growth, ageing, and changes in age-standardised death rates substantially differed by cause. Our analyses on the expected associations between cause-specific mortality and SDI show the regular shifts in cause of death composition and population age structure with rising SDI. Country patterns of premature mortality (measured as years of life lost [YLLs]) and how they differ from the level expected on the basis of SDI alone revealed distinct but highly heterogeneous patterns by region and country or territory. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes were among the leading causes of YLLs in most regions, but in many cases, intraregional results sharply diverged for ratios of observed and expected YLLs based on SDI. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases caused the most YLLs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with observed YLLs far exceeding expected YLLs for countries in which malaria or HIV/AIDS remained the leading causes of early death. Interpretation At the global scale, age-specific mortality has steadily improved over the past 35 years; this pattern of general progress continued in the past decade. Progress has been faster in most countries than expected on the basis of development measured by the SDI. Against this background of progress, some countries have seen falls in life expectancy, and age-standardised death rates for some causes are increasing. Despite progress in reducing age-standardised death rates, population growth and ageing mean that the number of deaths from most non-communicable causes are increasing in most countries, putting increased demands on health systems. Funding Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation