El imaginario social de La Araucana en los diarios fundacionales de la región de la Araucanía-Chile (1900-1940)

Esta investigación tiene por objetivo comprender la construcción socioimaginaria de La Araucanía en los diarios fundacionales de la Región de La Araucanía durante el periodo 1900-1940. Para estos efectos nos basamos fundamentalmente en la técnica de Análisis Crítico Complejo del discurso, a partir de un corpus constituido por noticias publicadas por la prensa regional entre 1900-1940 basadas en hitos históricos fundamentales en la historia de la Región de La Araucanía. Los resultados nos permiten apreciar que la prensa vehiculizó una serie de imaginarios funcionales al proyecto de invasión al Gülumapu, y posterior consolidación del asentamiento del Estado de Chile en territorio mapuche. Además, su discurso está permeado por la ideología del progreso, que fortalece el imaginario regional en aspectos conservadores, coloniales, defensores del modelo económico liberal-capitalista. Los periódicos van avanzando hacia el monopolio y profundizando en los lineamientos editoriales de la prensa liberal, la cual a su vez se alinea más íntimamente con los imaginarios peyorativos sobre el pueblo mapuche, al tiempo que legitima a los grupos dominantes de la época

Identidad, autorepresentación y discurso decolonial en las letras del albúm debut del grupo Mapuche Peumayen

This article studies the presence of the concepts of dominator/oppressor and dominated/oppressed as contextual notions where discursive representations of the rock band Mapuche Peumayen are observed. With that in mind, it’s my objective to value this musical group as a political subject that in turn constitutes a discursive fact. This study aims to observe these concepts from discursiveness, visibilizing the position of cultural and political claim developed by this musical group in their musical work. Methodologically, the model of the Critical Complex Analysis of the Discourse is used, using the lyrics of the songs of their first disc as the base of analysis.Este artículo estudia la presencia de los conceptos de dominador/opresor y dominado/oprimido como nociones contextuales donde se observan representaciones discursivas de la banda de rock Mapuche Peumayen. Para ello, se objetiva a este grupo musical como un sujeto político que a su vez constituye un hecho discursivo. Este estudio se dispone a observar estos conceptos desde la discursividad, visibilizando la postura de reivindicación cultural y política desarrollada por esta agrupación en su obra musical. Metodológicamente se utiliza el modelo del Análisis Complejo Crítico del Discurso, tomando las letras de las canciones de su primer disco como base de análisis

Europeas vestidas de “indias”: El disfraz de mujer indígena en la post guerra de La Araucanía-Chile a principios del siglo XX.

En el presente artículo se analizan dos piezas fotográficas publicadas en la revista Tic-Tac en 1914 en la Región de la Araucanía, al sur de Chile en el contexto inmediatamente posterior a la ocupación militar del territorio habitado por el pueblo mapuche. En el contenido de estas imágenes aparecen dos mujeres, identificadas como francesas, vistiendo trajes tradicionales de mujeres mapuche, correspondientes a retratos para la prensa producidos en estudios profesionales. Nos interesa comprender la función de esta puesta en escena de principio de siglo, para ello se analizan los códigos visuales y de género bajo la hipótesis de que estas fotografías reflejan una mirada de la mujer indígena como una figura exótica, objetivada como una fantasía erótica por la sociedad patriarcal, colonial y blanca-criolla la época, pero también contienen contradictoriamente un imaginario de la feminidad de la mujer colona blanca cuyo rol en la emergente sociedad local será engendrar hijos e hijas que permitan “blanquear” racialmente el nuevo territorio conquistado. </p

Hematological Changes in Women and Infants Exposed to an AZT-Containing Regimen for Prevention of Mother-to-child-transmission of HIV in Tanzania.

Tanzanian guidelines for prevention of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV (PMTCT) recommend an antiretroviral combination regimen involving zidovudine (AZT) during pregnancy, single-dosed nevirapine at labor onset, AZT plus Lamivudine (3TC) during delivery, and AZT/3TC for 1-4 weeks postpartum. As drug toxicities are a relevant concern, we assessed hematological alterations in AZT-exposed women and their infants. A cohort of HIV-positive women, either with AZT intake (n = 82, group 1) or without AZT intake (n = 62, group 2) for PMTCT during pregnancy, was established at Kyela District Hospital, Tanzania. The cohort also included the infants of group 1 with an in-utero AZT exposure ≥4 weeks, receiving AZT for 1 week postpartum (n = 41), and infants of group 2 without in-utero AZT exposure, receiving a prolonged 4-week AZT tail (n = 58). Complete blood counts were evaluated during pregnancy, birth, weeks 4-6 and 12. For women of group 1 with antenatal AZT intake, we found a statistically significant decrease in hemoglobin level, red blood cells, white blood cells, granulocytes, as well as an increase in red cell distribution width and platelet count. At delivery, the median red blood cell count was significantly lower and the median platelet count was significantly higher in women of group 1 compared to group 2. At birth, infants from group 1 showed a lower median hemoglobin level and granulocyte count and a higher frequency of anemia and granulocytopenia. At 4-6 weeks postpartum, the mean neutrophil granulocyte count was significantly lower and neutropenia was significantly more frequent in infants of group 2. AZT exposure during pregnancy as well as after birth resulted in significant hematological alterations for women and their newborns, although these changes were mostly mild and transient in nature. Research involving larger cohorts is needed to further analyze the impact of AZT-containing regimens on maternal and infant health

La tarjeta postal fotográfica y la escuela misional en la Araucania: el discurso visual capuchino sobre sus logros en la transformación de la niñez mapuche (1898-1930)

In the 1880s, the Chilean government occupied the Araucania region and missionary schools became a concrete context in which transformation occurred. In 1896, missionaries belonging to the Bavarian Capuchin order took over this task. As part of this work, they left behind a photographic record of their actions in this region, and many of these photographs were published as postcards. This paper presents the results of a socio-semiotic analysis of the postcards bearing photographs of Mapuche children which the Bavarian Capuchins published and circulated at the beginning of the 20th century.En la década de 1880 el Estado chileno ocupó la Araucanía. La escuela misional pasó a constituirse en el espacio concreto donde operó la transformación. En 1896 asumieron esta tarea los misioneros capuchinos de Baviera, quienes fueron dejando un  registro fotográfico de su accionar en la región. Muchas de estas fotografías fueron impresas como tarjetas postales. Este trabajo presenta resultados del análisis socio-semiótico de tarjetas postales ilustradas con fotografías de niños mapuches, editado y puesto en circulación por los capuchinos bávaros, a principios del siglo XX.In the 1880s, the Chilean government occupied the Araucania region and missionary schools became a concrete context in which transformation occurred. In 1896, missionaries belonging to the Bavarian Capuchin order took over this task. As part of this work, they left behind a photographic record of their actions in this region, and many of these photographs were published as postcards. This paper presents the results of a socio-semiotic analysis of the postcards bearing photographs of Mapuche children which the Bavarian Capuchins published and circulated at the beginning of the 20th century

Representación de la Mujer de La Araucanía-Chile en la Revista Tic Tac (1914)

El presente trabajo busca describir las representaciones de género presentes en las fotografías de mujeres publicadas en la Revista Tic Tac, editada el año 1914 en la región de La Araucanía/Wallmapu, Chile, como parte de la imposición de un modelo hegemónico social, cultural, político y económico por parte del Estado chileno y los grupos de poder de la época durante la posguerra en La Araucanía

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and thyroid dysfunction (TD) are the two most common endocrine disorders in clinical practice. The unrecognized TD may adversely affect the metabolic control and add more risk to an already predisposing scenario for cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of TD in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM). METHODS: This is an observational cross-sectional study. Three hundred eighty-six (386) patients with T1DM or T2DM that regularly attended the outpatient clinic of the Diabetes unit, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, participated in the study. All patients underwent a clinical and laboratory evaluation. Thyroid dysfunction was classified as clinical hypothyroidism (C-Hypo) if TSH > 4.20 μUI/mL and FT4 < 0.93 ng/dL; Subclinical hypothyroidism (SC-Hypo) if TSH > 4.20 μUI/ml and FT4 ranged from 0.93 to 1.7 ng/dL; Subclinical hyperthyroidism (SC-Hyper) if TSH < 0.27 μUI/ml and FT4 in the normal range (0.93 and 1.7 ng/dL) and Clinical hyperthyroidism (C-Hyper) if TSH < 0.27 μUI/ml and FT4 > 1.7 μUI/mL. Autoimmunity were diagnosed when anti-TPO levels were greater than 34 IU/mL. The positive autoimmunity was not considered as a criterion of thyroid dysfunction. RESULTS: The prevalence of TD in all diabetic patients was 14,7%. In patients who had not or denied prior TD the frequency of TD was 13%. The most frequently TD was subclinical hypothyroidism, in 13% of patients with T1DM and in 12% of patients with T2DM. The prevalence of anti-TPO antibodies was 10.8%. Forty-four (11.2%) new cases of TD were diagnosed during the clinical evaluation. The forty-nine patients with prior TD, 50% with T1DM and 76% with T2DM were with normal TSH levels. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that screening for thyroid disease among patients with diabetes mellitus should be routinely performed considering the prevalence of new cases diagnosed and the possible aggravation the classical risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia, arising from an undiagnosed thyroid dysfunction