9 research outputs found
Transformer Encoder with Multiscale Deep Learning for Pain Classification Using Physiological Signals
Pain is a serious worldwide health problem that affects a vast proportion of
the population. For efficient pain management and treatment, accurate
classification and evaluation of pain severity are necessary. However, this can
be challenging as pain is a subjective sensation-driven experience. Traditional
techniques for measuring pain intensity, e.g. self-report scales, are
susceptible to bias and unreliable in some instances. Consequently, there is a
need for more objective and automatic pain intensity assessment strategies. In
this paper, we develop PainAttnNet (PAN), a novel transfomer-encoder
deep-learning framework for classifying pain intensities with physiological
signals as input. The proposed approach is comprised of three feature
extraction architectures: multiscale convolutional networks (MSCN), a
squeeze-and-excitation residual network (SEResNet), and a transformer encoder
block. On the basis of pain stimuli, MSCN extracts short- and long-window
information as well as sequential features. SEResNet highlights relevant
extracted features by mapping the interdependencies among features. The third
module employs a transformer encoder consisting of three temporal convolutional
networks (TCN) with three multi-head attention (MHA) layers to extract temporal
dependencies from the features. Using the publicly available BioVid pain
dataset, we test the proposed PainAttnNet model and demonstrate that our
outcomes outperform state-of-the-art models. These results confirm that our
approach can be utilized for automated classification of pain intensity using
physiological signals to improve pain management and treatment
Uncertainty Quantification in Neural-Network Based Pain Intensity Estimation
Improper pain management can lead to severe physical or mental consequences,
including suffering, and an increased risk of opioid dependency. Assessing the
presence and severity of pain is imperative to prevent such outcomes and
determine the appropriate intervention. However, the evaluation of pain
intensity is challenging because different individuals experience pain
differently. To overcome this, researchers have employed machine learning
models to evaluate pain intensity objectively. However, these efforts have
primarily focused on point estimation of pain, disregarding the inherent
uncertainty and variability present in the data and model. Consequently, the
point estimates provide only partial information for clinical decision-making.
This study presents a neural network-based method for objective pain interval
estimation, incorporating uncertainty quantification. This work explores three
algorithms: the bootstrap method, lower and upper bound estimation (LossL)
optimized by genetic algorithm, and modified lower and upper bound estimation
(LossS) optimized by gradient descent algorithm. Our empirical results reveal
that LossS outperforms the other two by providing a narrower prediction
interval. As LossS outperforms, we assessed its performance in three different
scenarios for pain assessment: (1) a generalized approach (single model for the
entire population), (2) a personalized approach (separate model for each
individual), and (3) a hybrid approach (separate model for each cluster of
individuals). Our findings demonstrate the hybrid approach's superior
performance, with notable practicality in clinical contexts. It has the
potential to be a valuable tool for clinicians, enabling objective pain
intensity assessment while taking uncertainty into account. This capability is
crucial in facilitating effective pain management and reducing the risks
associated with improper treatment.Comment: 26 pages, 5 figures, 9 table
Review and Analysis of Pain Research Literature through Keyword Co-occurrence Networks
Pain is a significant public health problem as the number of individuals with
a history of pain globally keeps growing. In response, many synergistic
research areas have been coming together to address pain-related issues. This
work conducts a review and analysis of a vast body of pain-related literature
using the keyword co-occurrence network (KCN) methodology. In this method, a
set of KCNs is constructed by treating keywords as nodes and the co-occurrence
of keywords as links between the nodes. Since keywords represent the knowledge
components of research articles, analysis of KCNs will reveal the knowledge
structure and research trends in the literature. This study extracted and
analyzed keywords from 264,560 pain-related research articles indexed in IEEE,
PubMed, Engineering Village, and Web of Science published between 2002 and
2021. We observed rapid growth in pain literature in the last two decades: the
number of articles has grown nearly threefold, and the number of keywords has
grown by a factor of 7. We identified emerging and declining research trends in
sensors/methods, biomedical, and treatment tracks. We also extracted the most
frequently co-occurring keyword pairs and clusters to help researchers
recognize the synergies among different pain-related topics
Trends in Adopting Industry 4.0 for Asset Life Cycle Management for Sustainability: A Keyword Co-Occurrence Network Review and Analysis
With the potential of Industry 4.0 technologies to enable sustainable manufacturing, asset life cycle management (ALCM) has been gaining increasing attention in recent years. This study explores the evolution of Industry 4.0 technology applications to sustainable ALCM from 2002 to 2021. This study is based on keywords collected from 3896 ALCM-related scientific articles published in the Web of Science, IEEE Xplore and Engineering Village between 2002 and 2021. We conducted a review analysis of these keywords using a network science-based methodology, which unlike the tedious traditional literature review methods, gives the capability to analyze a huge number of scientific articles efficiently. We built keyword co-occurrence networks (KCNs) from the keywords and explored the network characteristics to uncover meaningful knowledge patterns, knowledge components, knowledge structure, and research trends in the body of literature at the intersection of ALCM and Industry 4.0. The network modeling and data analysis results identify the emerging Industry 4.0-related keywords in ALCM literature and indicate the recent explosion of connectivity among keywords. We found IoT, predictive maintenance and big data to be the top three most popular Industry 4.0-related keywords in ALCM literature. Furthermore, this study maps relevant ALCM keywords in contemporary literature to the nine pillars of Industry 4.0 to help the responsible manufacturing community identify research trends and emerging technologies for sustainability
Analysis of pain research literature through keyword Co-occurrence networks.
Pain is a significant public health problem as the number of individuals with a history of pain globally keeps growing. In response, many synergistic research areas have been coming together to address pain-related issues. This work reviews and analyzes a vast body of pain-related literature using the keyword co-occurrence network (KCN) methodology. In this method, a set of KCNs is constructed by treating keywords as nodes and the co-occurrence of keywords as links between the nodes. Since keywords represent the knowledge components of research articles, analysis of KCNs will reveal the knowledge structure and research trends in the literature. This study extracted and analyzed keywords from 264,560 pain-related research articles indexed in IEEE, PubMed, Engineering Village, and Web of Science published between 2002 and 2021. We observed rapid growth in pain literature in the last two decades: the number of articles has grown nearly threefold, and the number of keywords has grown by a factor of 7. We identified emerging and declining research trends in sensors/methods, biomedical, and treatment tracks. We also extracted the most frequently co-occurring keyword pairs and clusters to help researchers recognize the synergies among different pain-related topics
Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of DSM-5 Level 2 Anxiety Scale (Child Form for 11-17 Years and Parent Form for 6-17 Years)
Introduction: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish Version of DSM-5 Level 2 Anxiety Scale's child and parent forms
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Evolution and long-term outcomes of combined immunodeficiency due to CARMIL2 deficiency
Background Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CARMIL2 cause combined immunodeficiency associated with dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and EBV-related smooth muscle tumors. Clinical and immunological characterizations of the disease with long-term follow-up and treatment options have not been previously reported in large cohorts. We sought to determine the clinical and immunological features of CARMIL2 deficiency and long-term efficacy of treatment in controlling different disease manifestations. Methods The presenting phenotypes, long-term outcomes, and treatment responses were evaluated prospectively in 15 CARMIL2-deficient patients, including 13 novel cases. Lymphocyte subpopulations, protein expression, regulatory T (Treg), and circulating T follicular helper (cT(FH)) cells were analyzed. Three-dimensional (3D) migration assay was performed to determine T-cell shape. Results Mean age at disease onset was 38 +/- 23 months. Main clinical features were skin manifestations (n = 14, 93%), failure to thrive (n = 10, 67%), recurrent infections (n = 10, 67%), allergic symptoms (n = 8, 53%), chronic diarrhea (n = 4, 27%), and EBV-related leiomyoma (n = 2, 13%). Skin manifestations ranged from atopic and seborrheic dermatitis to psoriasiform rash. Patients had reduced proportions of memory CD4(+) T cells, Treg, and cT(FH) cells. Memory B and NK cells were also decreased. CARMIL2-deficient T cells exhibited reduced T-cell proliferation and cytokine production following CD28 co-stimulation and normal morphology when migrating in a high-density 3D collagen gel matrix. IBD was the most severe clinical manifestation, leading to growth retardation, requiring multiple interventional treatments. All patients were alive with a median follow-up of 10.8 years (range: 3-17 years). Conclusion This cohort provides clinical and immunological features and long-term follow-up of different manifestations of CARMIL2 deficiency
Evolution and long-term outcomes of combined immunodeficiency due to CARMIL2 deficiency
Background Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CARMIL2 cause combined immunodeficiency associated with dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and EBV-related smooth muscle tumors. Clinical and immunological characterizations of the disease with long-term follow-up and treatment options have not been previously reported in large cohorts. We sought to determine the clinical and immunological features of CARMIL2 deficiency and long-term efficacy of treatment in controlling different disease manifestations. Methods The presenting phenotypes, long-term outcomes, and treatment responses were evaluated prospectively in 15 CARMIL2-deficient patients, including 13 novel cases. Lymphocyte subpopulations, protein expression, regulatory T (Treg), and circulating T follicular helper (cT(FH)) cells were analyzed. Three-dimensional (3D) migration assay was performed to determine T-cell shape. Results Mean age at disease onset was 38 +/- 23 months. Main clinical features were skin manifestations (n = 14, 93%), failure to thrive (n = 10, 67%), recurrent infections (n = 10, 67%), allergic symptoms (n = 8, 53%), chronic diarrhea (n = 4, 27%), and EBV-related leiomyoma (n = 2, 13%). Skin manifestations ranged from atopic and seborrheic dermatitis to psoriasiform rash. Patients had reduced proportions of memory CD4(+) T cells, Treg, and cT(FH) cells. Memory B and NK cells were also decreased. CARMIL2-deficient T cells exhibited reduced T-cell proliferation and cytokine production following CD28 co-stimulation and normal morphology when migrating in a high-density 3D collagen gel matrix. IBD was the most severe clinical manifestation, leading to growth retardation, requiring multiple interventional treatments. All patients were alive with a median follow-up of 10.8 years (range: 3-17 years). Conclusion This cohort provides clinical and immunological features and long-term follow-up of different manifestations of CARMIL2 deficiency