Un Enfoque de Sistemas Financieros para las Microempresas

The paper argues that microenterprise finance should be treated as part of the development of the financial system, in order to reach large numbers of people without a need for large continuing subsidies. The financial systems approach treats microenterprises as a market, offering a product with attributes clients want at a price that covers costs. The approach aims for financial viability of lending institutions, and it stresses that savings are equal in importance to credit. The report describes principles of credit delivery that have proved effective with poor clients. It also examines the prospects for financial viability among the nongovernmental and financial institutions that provide microenterprise finance. Suggestions are made on institutional support requirements, the role of donor organizations, and government policies to support growth of financial services for microenterprises

Control y riesgo en los contratos de explotación hotelera

Mediante el presente trabajo se pretende profundizar en las figuras contractuales más utilizadas, conocer su situación sustantiva y alcance jurídico aplicado a la explotación hotelera. La estructura del estudio tiene presente el contexto turístico en el que desenvuelve su actividad económica el hotel. En concreto, entre las distintas figuras que pueden operar un hotel se presta especial atención sobre el arrendamiento de empresa, la franquicia y la gestión, realizado un análisis de sus principales características aplicadas a la figura objeto de estudio. Dada la importancia de la voluntad de las partes en este tipo de contratos, ha sido conveniente analizar de manera aislada las cláusulas más relevantes vinculadas a la limitación de las conductas anticompetitivas, la licencia de marca, los acuerdos de confidencialidad (NDA), la cesión de know how, la independencia de los empresarios, los pactos non-disturbance, los sistemas de remuneración, la aplicación de la clausula rebuscar sic stantibus en el negocio hotelero, entre otras. De igual modo se ha abordado las consecuencias del incumplimiento o resolución unilateral del acuerdo desde la perspectiva de la responsabilidad contractual, así como la posible responsabilidad extracontractual. La finalidad del presente trabajo no es otra que poner de manifiesto la significativa relevancia de los negocios de explotación hotelera para el estudioso del Derecho. Las partes deben poder alcanzar sus acuerdos con la suficiente seguridad jurídica, en aras de evitar un desequilibrio manifiesto entre el control y los riesgos que asumen. La realidad nos ha demostrado que su complejidad merece un estudio autónomo y exigir una regulación acorde al impacto que genera en la realidad económica, política y sociocultural de muchos países

Report on argumentation and teacher education in Europe

This document will ultimately form part of a comprehensive package of materials for teacher education and professional development in argumentation. The initial deliverable from Kaunas University of Technology described the rhetorical basis of argumentation theory for pre‐ and in‐service teachers, whilst this state of the art report sets out the current and rather unsatisfactory status of argumentation in curricula, initial teacher training/education and teacher professional development, across the fifteen S‐TEAM partner countries. We believe that this is a representative sample and that the report can be taken as a reliable snapshot of the situation in Europe generally

RESOURCES USED BY TEACHERS TO TEACH MATH, PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY AT SECONDARY SCHOOL ONLINE

This research was meant to find which resources were used by teachers to teach Math, Physics, Chemistry and Biology online during the pandemic, trying to identify the main problems related to the adapting of the available resources, how they were -or not- adapted and the new ones. Besides, student’s feedback was considered, for example, if there were online classes, how tasks were sent and how they were checked and evaluated. The notion of the resource proposed by Adler (2012) was adopted by generating a survey to collect data. The survey has 21 items in total, 20 of them with closed answers, 2 of them with a Likert scale and an open question presented in an online format for all the teachers in every province in Argentina. The survey is a tool to analyse the appropriation and use of the resources by teachers of secondary school when teaching online.  Article visualizations

Office paper recyclability: first recycling

Paper recyclability implies in the paper capacity to be recycled maintaining its properties to the maximum. Four commercial papers from Argentina and Brazil were studied, including three eucalyptus kraft (A, B, C) and one sugar cane bagasse soda-AQ (D), all with different bleaching processes. Their physical and chemical properties and a first laboratory recycling were evaluated. A refining of the pulp with a PFI mill, applying two energy levels at two different intensities - measured by number of revolutions and load - was accomplished to reach the same °SR (between 30 and 40, approximately). The refining energy and the yield were registered in each case. The properties of laboratory handsheets, and the aging to 24, 48, 72 and 144 hours were evaluated. The statistical analysis of the results indicates that the properties of the initial eucalyptus papers were similar, whereas they were generally inferior in the case of the bagasse paper. The bagasse and eucalyptus papers presented similar initial whiteness, but the first one had a higher reversion than the others. Once repulped, the eucalyptus papers A, B and C required, respectively, 4, 7 and 10 times greater energy than D, to obtain the same °SR. In all cases, the required energy to achieve the same °SR is slightly greater with the smaller refining intensity. The physical properties of the handsheets from the first recycle of paper D were, in general, lower. Among eucalyptus papers, B showed a slightly higher resistance and C, a slightly lower one. The mechanical properties of pulp sheets A, and D to a lesser extension, were more affected by the refining intensity than the rest, indicating a higher sensitivity of the fibers. The whiteness of the sheets of pulp B is lower than the rest. Opacity and light scattering coefficient of the sheets of pulp C were much higher than those of the other pulps.Fil: Benitez, Julieta Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Misiones; ArgentinaFil: Koga, Mariza E. T.. Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas de São Paulo (ipt); BrasilFil: Otero D'Almeida, Maria L.. Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas de São Paulo (ipt); BrasilFil: Felissia, Fernando Esteban. Universidad Nacional de Misiones; ArgentinaFil: Park, Song W.. Escola Politecnica, Universidad de Sao Paulo (usp); BrasilFil: Area, Maria Cristina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Office paper recyclability: fibrous characteristics

Recyclability is the ability of a material to reacquire the same properties it had originally. The aim of this work was to verify the recyclability of three printing and writing papers, from the characteristics of their fibers after two recycles. Three ECF bleached kraft eucalyptus commercial bond papers from Argentina and Brazil were studied (A, B, C). The papers were repulped and refined using different levels and intensities of energy (1st recycle). Laboratory sheets were produced, and they were repulped and refined again (2nd recycle). The microscopic characteristics of repulped papers were obtained by automatic equipment based on image analysis. Differences found in the behavior of the different samples can be explained by fiber parameters. The fiber length was significantly different in the three papers (A > B > C) and globally decreased in the second recycle (about 6%). Sample A had the highest initial fiber length and length/width, but it largely decreased with refining conditions in the 1st recycle (length fall 12%, generating fines by cutting), whereas it fall 9% between the 1st and 2nd recycles, and nothing with refining conditions in the 2nd recycle. Sample B fall by 5% with refining conditions in the 1st recycle, and 9% between the 1st and the 2nd recycle, but suffered few alteration in the second recycle. Fiber length of sample C was unaffected by refining conditions and only decreased 9% between the 1st and 2nd recycles. In all cases, the generated fines increased lightly with refining in the first recycle, but were two-fold higher in the second recycle than in the first one. The fiber coarseness of the 3 samples was similar in the first recycle, but decreases significantly in the 2nd recycleFil: Benitez, Julieta Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Cs.exactas Químicas y Naturales. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; ArgentinaFil: Koga, Mariza E. T.. Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Otero D'Almeida, Maria L.. Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnologicas de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Felissia, Fernando Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Cs.exactas Químicas y Naturales. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; ArgentinaFil: Park, Song W.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Area, Maria Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Cs.exactas Químicas y Naturales. Instituto de Materiales de Misiones; Argentin

The Mathematics Teacher Formation and the Teaching for Research and Study Course

The study of didactic devices with the characteristics of RSC in the teachers´ mathematics formation at an Argentine university has led to the future teachers elaboration of their own ideas about of the management of the mentioned device at the Argentine high school. In this paper, results of a semi-structured interview to future teachers are shown. The teachers were attending the last year of the teaching training college at an Argentine university. Our intention was to know the receipt that the future teachers have in the management of an education under the characteristics of RSC to manage the above device in their educational practices. One of the difficulties that the future teachers signal is to select the problematic question that allows to stimulate and to provoke the whole process of study. The choice of the mentioned question is assigned to the same teachers. This constitutes a limitation as for the comprehension and later management of an education for RSC.Fil: Corica, Ana Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Núcleo de Investigación en Educacion Ciencia y Tecnologia; Argentina;Fil: Otero, Maria Rita. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Núcleo de Investigación en Educacion Ciencia y Tecnologia; Argentina

The impact of the didactic functions topogénesis, mesogénesis and cronogénesis in a research and study paths (rsp): the case of the polynomial functions of the second degree

Se presentan algunos resultados de una investigación que propone estudiar matemática en la Escuela Secundaria en Argentina por medio de un Recorrido de Estudio y de Investigación (REI). El REI permite reconstruir distintas Organizaciones Matemáticas (OM) del programa de estudio de la secundaria; pero en este trabajo sólo describimos una primera parte, correspondiente a las funciones polinómicas de segundo grado. Las implementaciones se realizaron en cursos de 4to Año de la Secundaria, y en total participaron 163 estudiantes. Se describen aquí los resultados obtenidos en las distintas implementaciones, a partir de las funciones didácticas topogénesis, mesogénesis y cronogénesis. Se adopta como referencial teórico la Teoría Antropológica de lo Didáctico (TAD) de Yves Chevallard.We present some research results on a proposal of study mathematics, on secondary school in Argentina, by Research and Study Paths (RSP). The RSP allows us reconstruct the different Mathematical Organizations (MO) of secondary syllabus. In this paper we describe just the first part of the RSP, the one related to second grade polynomial functions. The didactic experiences were carried out with 163 students, on their 4th year course. The results on the different experiences are described using the didactic functions of topogenesis, mesogenesis and chronogenesis, based on Yves Chevallard’s Anthropologic Theory of Didactic (ATD).Apresentam-se alguns resultados de uma investigação que propõe estudar matemática na Escola Secundária em Argentina por médio de um Percurso de Estudo e de Investigação (PEI). O PEI permite reconstruir diferentes Organizações Matemáticas (OM) do programa de estudo da secundária; mas neste trabalho só descrevemos uma primeira parte, correspondente às funções polinomiais de segundo grau. As implementações realizaram-se em cursos de 4to Ano da Secundária, e ao todo participaram 163 alunos. Neste artigo escrevem-se os resultados obtidos nas diferentes implementações, a partir das funções didácticas topogenèse, mésogenèse e chronogenèse. Adopta-se como referencial teórico a Teoria Antropológica do Didáctico (TAD) de Yves Chevallard.Ce travail présente quelques résultats d'une recherche qui vise à étudier les mathématiques au moyen d'un Parcours d'Étude et de Recherche (PER), dans l'École Secondaire en Argentine. Le PER a permis de reconstruire les différentes Organisations Mathématiques (OM) du programme d'étude de l'école secondaire; mais dans cet article nous décrivons seulement la première partie, correspondant aux fonctions polynômes du second degré. Les implémentations ont été développées dans les cours de 4éme année de collège, et au total ont participé 163 étudiants. Les résultats des différents implémentations, des fonctions d'enseignement de topogenèse, mésogenèse et chronogenèse on été ici décrits. On a adopté la Théorie Anthropologique du Didactique d'Yves Chevallard (TAD) comme référentiel théorique.Fil: Llanos, Viviana Carolina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Núcleo de Investigación En Educacion Ciencia y Tecnologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil; ArgentinaFil: Otero, Maria Rita. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Núcleo de Investigación En Educacion Ciencia y Tecnologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil; Argentin