Design and Development of a Photovoltaic Water Pumping

The theory of design and analysis of experiments has been primarily developed by statisticians engaged mostly in agricultural research. The theory has now found applications in other fields of research, because it is based on general principles concerning the statistical behavior of observations which arise either freely in nature or in artificial laboratory conditions (Badrldin and Kshirsagar,1990). Incomplete block designs were developed to suit experiments where the number of experimental units per block is less than the number of treatments. The concept of incomplete block designs augmented by a control was first introduced by Das (1954). He considered  the case where (q ³ 1) new treatments are introduced into the design and all included in each block. He concluded that  q should be chosen as low as possible to keep the block size to a reasonable level. Pearce (1960) considered the case where a Balanced Incomplete Block (B. I. B.) design is supplemented by a control, where the test treatments are replicated r times except the control which is  replicated r0 times, while all pairs of treatments occurs l times in blocks, the supplemented treatment occurs l0 times with any other treatment(Ture,1982). Pesek (1974) considered the case of a B. I. B. design having an extra control in each block. He utilized Rao’s general formulas to obtain the variances of the elementary treatment contrast between any pair of test treatment and any treatment and the control. He also obtained the efficiency factor of this design and showed that this design is more efficient than a B. I. B. design for comparing treatments with a control, but is less efficient for pair wise comparisons between the test treatments. Many times, for important new drugs and for serious diseases, investigations are carried out simultaneously at various locations under different climatic conditions, for a series of treatments. In such cases, the result of all such investigations need to be combined to produce an overall estimate of the effect of treatment contrast to the control. In this study the case where a control is added to each block in a B. I. B. design is considered. The variances of the elementary treatment contrast between any pair of test treatments and any treatment and the control were obtained. The general theory of inter & intra -block estimates of treatment effect when a B. I. B. design is augmented by a control was investigated, the general theory of a balanced incomplete block design is given where a control is added to each block. The estimation of weight for combining inter and intra-block estimates is also dealt with, and the weight for combining inter-block estimates of treatment contrast was also considered. The object of this study is to get a minimum variance of the treatment contrast between the inter and intra block estimates when a control treatment is added to each block in B. I. B. design

Preparation and Characterization of Organic Nanoparticles of Oxadiazole Derivative in Aqueous Media

A novel  oxadiazole derivative, 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole (Z)-4-((1-(5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)prop-1-en-2-yl)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one (HOPA) was synthesized from reaction of (Z)-3-[(1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino]but-2-enehydrazide, with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde in the presence of iodine as catalyst .The structure of HOPA was characterized by using IR,1H-NMR and mass spectroscopy. Nanoparticles of the prepared compound HOPA have been fabricated in aqueous media using re-precipitation method. Characterizations of the organic nanoparticles (ONPs) have been performed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The HOPA NPs were approximately monodisperse even without using capping agent or surfactant. The size of the nanoparticles were around 150-200 nm as indicated by SEM. The maximum of absorption spectrum of the dispersed nanoparticles is red shifted by 5 nm from the molecular absorption spectra of the HOPA in the solution, which indicate head to head alignment (J aggregate) of the molecules of HOPA during the aggregation. The well dispersed organic nanoparticles in aqueous media holds potential application in future to be used as a tag for biomedical imagining. Keywords: Nanoscience, Organic Nanoparticle, Reprecipitation, Oxdiazoles

Symbolic Analysis of Waiting for Godot: A Critical Comparison Between the Bible and Quran Symbols in Waiting for Godot

Waiting for Godot (1952) is a conventional and remarkable play that is written by Irish author Samuel Beckett. The play Waiting for Godot is part of theater of absurd and it is written during modernism. This research is divided into three different sections and conclusion. Firstly the introduction for this research is given and the twentieth century drama, theater of the absurd, and the summary of the play. Also in an independent section we show other people’s work on the play Waiting for Godot. Later on we clarified the Biblical and Quranic symbols in Waiting for Godot and shows the comparison of the symbols in the holy books Quran and Bible in Waiting for Godot. Eventually, conclusion will be drawn as the final outcome of the study.

Evidence-based discussion increases childhood vaccination uptake : a randomised cluster controlled trial of knowledge translation in Pakistan

Other authors: Ari Ho Foster, Bev Shea, George A Wells, and José Legorreta SoberanisThe relatively low-cost knowledge translation intervention applied in this study significantly increased vaccine uptake, without relying on improved services, in a poor district (Lasbela, Pakistan) with limited access to services. The study results prove relevant towards better vaccination coverage in developing countries. The intervention comprised three structured discussions separately with male and female groups in each cluster. Adjusting for baseline differences between intervention and control clusters with generalized estimating equations, the intervention doubled the odds of measles vaccination in the intervention communities (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.24-3.88). It trebled the odds of full DPT vaccination (OR 3.36, 95% CI 2.03-5.56)

Pharmaceutical Equivalence of Some Conventional Carbamazepine Tablets Marketed in Sudan

Background: Carbamazepine (CBZ) is commonly used in the treatment and control of epilepsy, seizures, and neuropathic pain. Due to its limited water solubility, CBZ have slow and variable absorption following oral administration. Effective CBZ plasma levels are achieved through multiple-dose administration of conventional CBZ tablets  which may result in serious side effects because of its narrow therapeutic index and toxicity levels. Objectives: This work aimed at comparing four commercial brands of CBZ tablets (A, B, C and D) manufactured by multinational and national companies including the originator (A) through evaluation of their pharmaceutical equivalence using pharmacoepial and nonpharmacoepial standard tests. Methods: Model-independent approach was used for determination of dissolution efficiency (% D.E) and fit factors.  Difference between brands was demonstrated through analysis of difference (f1) and similarity (f2) data. In addition various quality tests including weight variation, thickness, diameter, hardness, friability and disintegration time were carried out. Results: The study revealed that all brands complied with the USP specifications regarding weight variation, friability disintegration and drug content. The amount of drug released within 45 minutes were found satisfactory and ranged from 83.44% to 94.5%. Although clear differences in release profiles exist, all brands released about 90% of the labeled CBZ within 30 minutes which can satisfy the patient need. Only brand B failed to pass the nonpharmacoepial hardness test. Conclusion: Selected brands of CBZ tablets complied with all required pharmacoepial quality specifications

Strategies to Improve the Barrier and Mechanical Properties of Pectin Films for Food Packaging: Comparing Nanocomposites with Bilayers

2020.04441.BD SFRH/BD/144346/2019 UIDB/50006/2020 UIDP/50006/2020 UIDB/04077/2020 UIDP/04077/2020 UIDB /00100/2020Traditional food packaging systems help reduce food wastage, but they also produce environmental impacts when not properly disposed of. Bio-based polymers are a promising solution to overcome these impacts, but they have poor barrier and mechanical properties. This work evaluates two strategies to improve these properties in pectin films: the incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) or sodium montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles, and an additional layer of chitosan (i.e., a bilayer film). The bionanocomposites and bilayer films were characterized in terms of optical, morphological, hygroscopic, mechanical and barrier properties. The inclusion of the nanofillers in the polymer reduced the water vapor permeability and the hydrophilicity of the films without compromising their visual properties (i.e., their transparency). However, the nanoparticles did not substantially improve the mechanical properties of the bionanocomposites. Regarding the bilayer films, FTIR and contact angle studies revealed no surface and/or chemical modifications, confirming only physical coating/lamination between the two polymers. These bilayer films exhibited a dense homogenous structure, with intermediate optical and hygroscopic properties. An additional layer of chitosan did not improve the mechanical, water vapor and oxygen barrier properties of the pectin films. However, this additional layer made the material more hydrophobic, which may play an important role in the application of pectin as a food packaging material.publishersversionpublishe

CARIOTIPO DE ADENOSCOLEX OREINI: PRIMER DATO CITOGENÉTICO DEL ORDEN CARYOPHYLLIDEA (CESTODA) DE ESPECIES DE SCHIZOTHORAX DEL VALLE DE KASHMIR, INDIA

Un cariotipo de Adenoscolex oreini Fotedar, 1958 (Capingentidae), un parásito céstodo de carpas, Kashir Gaad, Schizothorax niger (Cypriniformes) ha sido estudiado por primera vez. Consiste en un conjunto de cromosomas de 20 pares de cromosomas metacéntricos, submetacéntricos y acrocéntricos (2n = 20; n = 8m+1sm+1a). Todos los pares son pequeños, miden 1,86-7,22 μm. Parece que el número de cromosomas de A. oreini es mayor en comparación con la de los miembros de la familia Caryophyllaeidae. La variación en el tamaño de los más pequeños bivalentes y otros bivalentes indican que los cromosomas somáticos mostrarán una marcada variación en la longitud del cromosoma más largo y más corto en A. oreini. Hasta ahora nadie ha emprendido los estudios citológicos de este parásito y en la presente investigación se está divulgando su número cromosómico por primera vez

CROMOSOMAS Y CITOGENÉTICA DE HELMINTOS (TURBELLARIA, TREMATODA, CESTODA, NEMATODAYACANTHOCEPHALA)

En este artículo revisamos la literatura desde 1886 hasta 2014 y el estado actual del conocimiento de los cromosomas y la citogenética de todas las especies de las familias de turbellaria, trematoda, cestoda, nematoda y acanthocephala. Datos cariológicos son analizados y tabulados para 614 especies: 115 especies de turbellaria, 278 especies de trematoda, 117 especies de cestoda, 85 especies de nematoda y 19 especies de acantocephala. Los Turbelarios no son parásitos a excepción de unas pocas posibles excepciones y muestran una reducción gradual del número básico de cromosomas. Trematodes son numerosos requiriendo apuntar hacia los esfuerzos continuos en este campo de investigación. Los datos sobre los cromosomas se carecen para cestodos acetabulados de las órdenes: Litobothriidea, Lecanicephalidea, Cathetocephalidea, Rhinebothriidea y Tetrabothriidea

Enhancement in 3D dosimetry measurement using polymer gel and MRI

The effects of varying the concentrations of cross-linker N, N'-methyelene-bis-acrylamide (BIS) from 2% to 4%, and 2-hydroxyethylacrylate (HEA) monomer from 2% to 4% at 5% gelatin on the dose response of BIS–HEA–gelatin (BHEAG) aqueous polymer gel dosimeters have been studied using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for relaxation rate (R2)R2) of water proton. The dosimeters were irradiated with 60Co teletherapy γγ-ray source at a constant dose rate, receiving doses up to 30 Gy. The radiation polymerization occurs and increases with increasing initial dose. R2R2 is found to decrease mono-exponentially with depth inside the polymer gel and depend strongly upon the initial concentrations of co-monomers (HEA and BIS). Dose–depth map for BHEAG gel was determined for different concentrations of co-monomer (HEA and BIS). The percentage dose depth was also evaluated which leads to a good agreement with the ionization chamber measurements