Two-Factor Factorial Design Application in Analyzing Differential Performance Between Single-Sex Schools and Mixed Schools in Compulsory Subjects at KCSE:Case study in Homa Bay County, Kenya

Despite the recent unabated proliferation of mixed schools, no effort has been directed towards finding out whether they are just as good as or even better than single - sex schools. This is in spite of the conventional wisdom which has in the past informed conversion of mixed schools into single - sex schools. (I am yet to come across a case in our country where two oppositely gendered single - sex schools have merged to form a mixed school). This state of affairs begs for attention and it is what motivated the researcher to carry out research in this area. The study applied two-factor factorial design in analyzing differential performance in compulsory subjects between mixed schools and single-sex schools. School type represented one factor while the other factor was represented by subjects. The objectives of the study were to determine whether there is significant effect due to; school type, subject and interaction between school type and subject. School type, subject and interaction between school type and subject were from the analysis of variance, found to have significant effects at ???? = 5%. The significant interaction effect made it necessary to carry out multiple comparisons. Scheff’e’s method revealed statistically significant differences in mean performance in mathematics between single-sex schools and mixed schools. The mean performances in English and Kiswahili for single-sex schools were not, at 5% level of significance, different from those of mixed school using the same (Scheffes) method. The two- factor factorial design model yijk=µ+????i+ßj+ (????ß)ij+?ijk was found to be ideal in describing the observed data concerning the performance in compulsory subjects in KCSE. Keywords: ANOVA, Two-Factorial Desig

Screening of New strains of sugarcane using Augmented Block Designs

Sugar production has over time experienced a number of challenges, that is, the choice of the variety to plant; soil nutrients variation and market competition amongst others have greatly affected sugar production. This study has effectively and efficiently employed the technique of experimental designs to ascertain family selection by comparing Augmented Block designs and Randomized Complete block designs. The augmented block design is widely used in breeding programs, particularly in screening and selection of large number of germplasm lines with non-replicated test treatments and replicated control treatments to estimate the experimental errors. The study establishes a relationship between augmented block designs in screening and completely randomized block design in screening new strains of Sugarcane. In the two designs analyzed, we consider 5 test treatments and 2 control treatments for augment design and the same number of treatments for Randomized Complete Block Design. In the event of screening new sugarcane varieties, attempts have been made to find the effectiveness of augmented block designs and completely randomized block designs in test families and control checks where the results reveal that Augmented Block Design is 11.86 times more efficient than a Randomised Block Design. In the conclusion of this study we have shown that Augmented Block Design is better suited when the plots are limited and Randomized Complete Block Design is better suited when treatments are many. Keywords: Augmented Block Design, Balanced incomplete block design, Randomized complete Block Design, Latin Square, Unreduced BIB Design

Analysis of Seasonal Time Series with Missing Observations of Fish Harvesting in Lake Victoria, Kenya

Time series is a measured observation recorded with time. The process of collecting data sometimes faces a lot of challenges that may arise due to defective working tools, misplaced or lost records and errors that are prone to occur. The most commonly used approaches to estimate missing values include the use of autoregressive-moving average models developed by Box Jenkins, use of extrapolation or interpolation under regression analysis and use of state space models where data is considered as a combination of level, trend and seasonal components. This paper intends to use the most appropriate method of estimating missing values by using the direct method of imputation. Incomplete secondary data obtained from the Ministry of fisheries development, together with the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute are to be used to estimate the gap left just before, during and immediately after the post election violence of the year 2007/2008, a time when data could not be obtained and/or recorded. The original time series data when analyzed produced a SARIMA model (0, 1, 1) (2, 0, 0)12 as the best candidate for the lower segment. SARIMA (0, 1, 2) (0, 0, 1)12 was produced for the upper segment using autoarima function in R package. The missing data were estimated using forecast from the lower segment which was extended to the in sample forecast in the upper segment. The regression test between predicted and the original values in upper segment proves the strong positive relationship indicating high level of accuracy on predictability of the model used. Keywords: Stationary and Stochastic process, Auto-covariance and Autocorrelation Function, Partial Autocorrelation Function, correlogram, Moving Average process, Autoregressive process

Value of Pollination Services in Farmlands Adjacent to Mau, Cherangany and Mt. Elgon Forests

Pollination plays a vital role in crop yield and quality and by extension food security. Approximately 75% of global food crops depend on pollination services. Forests are the primary habitats of natural pollinators and communities farming near them benefit from this valuable supporting service. This study estimated the economic value of crop pollination dependency on natural forests within Mau, Cherangany and Mount Elgon Water Towers using the Pollination Value Array Tool developed by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). To determine the value of crop pollination on farmlands adjacent to the forests, a buffer zone of 5 km between the forest and the farms was developed using GIS. Using the developed maps, a list of pollination dependent crops grown within these zones was identified from the FAO tool. Crop production data were obtained from Ministry of Agriculture in all the Counties neighboring the three ecosystems. The crop data gathered include the quantity of crop harvested per season and the producer price in Ksh per metric ton. This data was entered into the Pollination value array tool which computes; the Total Economic Value of crop (TVC) and the Economic Value of Insect Pollinators (EVIP) using the Pollination Dependency Ratios (PDR) of the crops. The contributions of natural /insect pollinators to crop production in the Mau, Cherangany and Mt. Elgon were estimated at Ksh 314 million (12.7%), 67 million (9.7%) and 549 million (17.4%) respectively. The total economic value attributed to insect pollination in the three ecosystems amounted to Ksh 931million in 2015. Keywords: Pollination Services, Crop Production, Pollination Dependence Ratio, Economic Value, Food security DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/9-10-08 Publication date:May 31st 201

Tickborne Arbovirus Surveillance in Market Livestock, Nairobi, Kenya

Numerous tickborne viruses, including Dhori virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus, were isolated

Yellow Fever Outbreak, Imatong, Southern Sudan

In May 2003, the World Health Organization received reports about a possible outbreak of a hemorrhagic disease of unknown cause in the Imatong Mountains of southern Sudan. Laboratory investigations were conducted on 28 serum samples collected from patients in the Imatong region. Serum samples from 13 patients were positive for immunoglobulin M antibody to flavivirus, and serum samples from 5 patients were positive by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction with both the genus Flavivirus–reactive primers and yellow fever virus–specific primers. Nucleotide sequencing of the amplicons obtained with the genus Flavivirus oligonucleotide primers confirmed yellow fever virus as the etiologic agent. Isolation attempts in newborn mice and Vero cells from the samples yielded virus isolates from five patients. Rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis enabled an interagency emergency task force to initiate a targeted vaccination campaign to control the outbreak

Black diplomacies : colonialism, race and the poetics of mediating estrangement

Ph.D. University of Hawaii at Manoa 2012.Includes bibliographical references.Drawing upon genealogical studies that conceptualize diplomacy as the mediation of estrangement, this dissertation engages various sites of African estrangement, multiple conceptions of the political and the mediation practices that accompany them. Beginning with an examination of missionary proselytism, proto-colonial humanitarianism and anti-colonial modes of sociality, the dissertation proceeds to engage the specters of colonial governance in the postcolony and uses these insights to problematize the monological conception of diplomacy as a professional practice. Accordingly, the dissertation maintains a critical stance with regard to the regimes of diplomatic/colonial recognition that privilege secularism, statecraft, propriety and racialized bodies and encourages an engagement with diplomatic bodies, sites and aesthetic practices that are often considered undiplomatic as a result of racial and colonial discourses. Through an exploration of the mediatory capacities of objects (and objectified persons), the dead and everyday encounters that illustrate that the 'personal is diplomatic,' the dissertation explores, and in some instances suggests the pursuit of 'amateur diplomacies of everyday life'. It encourages as well, the experimentation with an ethics of encounter and forms of cultural translation or modalities of co-habitation and return that disturb or negotiate the inventions and negations of colonial pasts (and their specters in the present). The insights derived from the problematization and pluralization of the diplomatic in this dissertation are also used to engage in a critique of the new forms of violence and the diplomatic entanglements and sites of estrangement that emerge in the postcolony

FORMALIZATION OF MINING RIGHTS IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY; CADASTRE PERSPECTIVE ON ARTISANAL MINING RIGHTS

Artisanal mining has long been integral part of livelihood structure and economic systems of certain rural communities. Artisanal mining operates informally in developing countries coupled with social, environmental, and economic challenges. Formalization of artisanal mining is being adopted in many countries in order to tackle the challenges of artisanal mining. Formalization entails enactment of legislations for recognition of artisanal mining, creation of mining rights cadastre and granting of mining titles. Formalization of artisanal mining has been embraced in East African community countries of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. These countries are enacting laws and developing mining and minerals cadastral systems. However, access to seasonal resources like the sub-surface artisanal mining rights are regulated by customary tenure arrangements. Moreover, the artisanal miners are sometimes migrants, the rights are seasonal and the mining area boundaries not easily identifiable. This paper examines how legislations in East African Community countries provide for the formalization of artisanal mining operations. The objective of this article is to compare artisanal mining formalization in the East African Community countries through legislations and development of the mining cadastre. The article compares how different countries specify entities of artisanal mining rights for the inclusion in the mining cadastral system. The methodological approach adopted for this article was comparative review of legislations, theoretical and empirical literature from the six East African Community countries. Four countries; Burundi, Kenya, South Sudan and Uganda directly legislate artisanal mining and grant artisanal mining titles. Artisanal mining titles are reserved for citizens and are transferable. Only South Sudan specify artisanal mining cadastral unit. Therefore identification of cadastral unit remains a puzzle in artisanal mining registration. However, all the mining legislations do not provide for initial adjudication of artisanal mining rights for registration