Newborn survival: a multi-country analysis of a decade of change

Neonatal deaths account for 40% of global under-five mortality and are ever more important if we are to achieve the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) on child survival. We applied a results framework to evaluate global and national changes for neonatal mortality rates (NMR), healthy behaviours, intervention coverage, health system change, and inputs including funding, while considering contextual changes. The average annual rate of reduction of NMR globally accelerated between 2000 and 2010 (2.1% per year) compared with the 1990s, but was slower than the reduction in mortality of children aged 1-59 months (2.9% per year) and maternal mortality (4.2% per year). Regional variation of NMR change ranged from 3.0% per year in developed countries to 1.5% per year in sub-Saharan Africa. Some countries have made remarkable progress despite major challenges. Our statistical analysis identifies inter-country predictors of NMR reduction including high baseline NMR, and changes in income or fertility. Changes in intervention or package coverage did not appear to be important predictors in any region, but coverage data are lacking for several neonatal-specific interventions. Mortality due to neonatal infection deaths, notably tetanus, decreased, and deaths from complications of preterm birth are increasingly important. Official development assistance for maternal, newborn and child health doubled from 2003 to 2008, yet by 2008 only 6% of this aid mentioned newborns, and a mere 0.1% (US$4.56m) exclusively targeted newborn care. The amount of newborn survival data and the evidence based increased, as did recognition in donor funding. Over this decade, NMR reduction seems more related to change in context, such as socio-economic factors, than to increasing intervention coverage. High impact cost-effective interventions hold great potential to save newborn lives especially in the highest burden countries. Accelerating progress requires data-driven investments and addressing context-specific implementation realitie

Evaluation of the effect of prospective biomarker testing on progression-free survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Novel treatment regimens combining chemotherapy with targeted agents are being developed for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). These regimens are expected to show efficacy in biomarker-defined..

End-of-treatment PET/CT predicts PFS and OS in DLBCL after first-line treatment: results from GOYA

GOYA was a randomized phase 3 study comparing obinutuzumab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) vs standard-of-care rituximab plus CHOP in patients with previously untreated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This retrospective analysis of GOYA aimed to assess the association between progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) with positron emission tomography (PET)-based complete response (CR) status. Overall, 1418 patients were randomly assigned to receive 8 21-day cycles of obinutuzumab (n 5 706) or rituximab (n 5 712) plus 6 or 8 cycles of CHOP. Patients received a mandatory fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-PET/computed tomography scan at baseline and end of treatment. After a median follow-up of 29 months, the numbers of independent review committee-assessed PFS and OS events in the entire cohort were 416 (29.3%) and 252 (17.8%), respectively. End-of-treatment PET CR was highly prognostic for PFS and OS according to Lugano 2014 criteria (PFS: hazard ratio [HR], 0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19-0.38; P , .0001; OS: HR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.08-0.17; P , .0001), irrespective of international prognostic index score and cell of origin. In conclusion, the results from this prospectively acquired large cohort corroborated previously published data from smaller sample sizes showing that end-of-treatment PET CR is an independent predictor of PFS and OS and a promising prognostic marker in DLBCL. Long-term survival analysis confirmed the robustness of these data over time. Additional meta-analyses including other prospective studies are necessary to support the substitution of PET CR for PFS as an effective and practical surrogate end point

Millennium Development Goals national targets are moving targets and the results will not be known until well after the deadline of 2015.

10.1093/ije/dyt059International Journal of Epidemiology423645-647IJEP

Estimates of under-five, infant, and neonatal mortality rates, and of acceleration in progress by MDG region [2].

<p>Acceleration is calculated as the percent change in annual rate of reduction (ARR) from 1990–2000 to 2000–2010. See <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001303#pmed.1001303-United5" target="_blank">[22]</a> for listings of countries by MDG region.</p

Under-five mortality rate by country for 2010.

<p>Data for Sudan refer to the country as it was constituted in 2010, before South Sudan seceded on 9 July 2011.</p

Global and regional under-five, infant, and neonatal mortality rates and deaths, 1990–2000.

<p>(A) U5MR and under-five deaths; (B) IMR and infant deaths; (C) NMR and neonatal deaths.</p

Illustration of the loess fitting procedure.

<p>Senegal is a country that has experienced substantial fluctuations in the rate of change of under-five mortality over the last 40 years. Two loess fitted trend lines are shown, one with α = 1, and the other the UN IGME 2011 trend line where α was defined using the standard α calculation. Generally, the greater the α value used in the loess fitting procedure, the more longer-term trends in the data influence the final trend line.</p

Articles in the <i>PLOS Medicine</i> Collection “Child Mortality Estimation Methods.”

<p>Articles in the <i>PLOS Medicine</i> Collection “Child Mortality Estimation Methods.”</p

Newborn survival: a multi-country analysis of a decade of change.

Neonatal deaths account for 40% of global under-five mortality and are ever more important if we are to achieve the Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) on child survival. We applied a results framework to evaluate global and national changes for neonatal mortality rates (NMR), healthy behaviours, intervention coverage, health system change, and inputs including funding, while considering contextual changes. The average annual rate of reduction of NMR globally accelerated between 2000 and 2010 (2.1% per year) compared with the 1990s, but was slower than the reduction in mortality of children aged 1-59 months (2.9% per year) and maternal mortality (4.2% per year). Regional variation of NMR change ranged from 3.0% per year in developed countries to 1.5% per year in sub-Saharan Africa. Some countries have made remarkable progress despite major challenges. Our statistical analysis identifies inter-country predictors of NMR reduction including high baseline NMR, and changes in income or fertility. Changes in intervention or package coverage did not appear to be important predictors in any region, but coverage data are lacking for several neonatal-specific interventions. Mortality due to neonatal infection deaths, notably tetanus, decreased, and deaths from complications of preterm birth are increasingly important. Official development assistance for maternal, newborn and child health doubled from 2003 to 2008, yet by 2008 only 6% of this aid mentioned newborns, and a mere 0.1% (US$4.56m) exclusively targeted newborn care. The amount of newborn survival data and the evidence based increased, as did recognition in donor funding. Over this decade, NMR reduction seems more related to change in context, such as socio-economic factors, than to increasing intervention coverage. High impact cost-effective interventions hold great potential to save newborn lives especially in the highest burden countries. Accelerating progress requires data-driven investments and addressing context-specific implementation realities