Sol-Gel Applications in Textile Finishing Processes

In the chapter, sol‐gel applications in textile finishing process such as flame retardancy, water, oil repellency, ultraviolet (UV) protection, self‐cleaning, and antibacterial and antiwrinkle processes are reviewed. Sol‐gel technology is well known in materials, metallurgy, ceramic, and glass industry since 1960 and has been researched in textile industry in the last decade. Sol‐gel technology has some advantages when compared to conventional textile finishing process. Sol‐gel technology, which is a method applied to the inorganic metal alkoxide or metal salts to organic textile materials, could impart the high, durable activity and multifunctional properties to different textile materials in the same bath at one step using low concentration of precursors. In addition, sol‐gel technology presents alternatively economical, ecological, and environmental friendly process due to one‐step application, using low concentration of chemicals, nonhalogenated chemicals, and nonformaldehyde release when compared to conventional processes

Structural, thermal and magnetic properties of barium-ferrite powders substituted with Mn, Cu or Co and X (X = Sr and Ni) prepared by the sol-gel method

In this study, Ferrite A (undoped barium hexaferrite), Ferrite B (MnCuNi-doped barium hexaferrite), Ferrite C (MnCuSr-doped barium hexaferrite), Ferrite D (MnCoNi-doped barium hexaferrite) and Ferrite E (MnCoSr-doped barium hexaferrite) powders were prepared by sol-gel processing. The produced powders were calcined at 550 °C for 6 h and sintered at 1000 °C for 5 h to obtain the required phases. The powders were characterized by differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TG), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM). The XRD patterns indicated that the pure barium ferrite phase was not obtained. The presence of M-type BaFe 11.6Mn 0.4O 19 was confirmed in the Ferrite B and Ferrite D patterns. In the Ferrite C pattern, there were the phases of BaFe 12O 19, Ba 2Cu 2Fe 12O 22 (X or Z-type) and Sr 3Fe 2O 6.16. The Ba 0.5Sr 0.5Fe 12 phase was easily observed in the Ferrite E pattern. The results showed that the dopant materials significantly change the particle shape of Ferrite A powders, but also lower the value of the coercivity. A higher saturation magnetization was observed for the Ferrite D powder

Archieveing of stealthing property with modification of electrical, magnetic and microwave properties of textile materials by using sol-gel technique

Radar absorplayan maddeler (RAM) askeriyede karada, havada ve denizde görünmezlik savunma sistemlerinin önemli bir parçasını oluşturmaktadır. Uçak, roket, helikopter, gemi ve tank gibi her türlü askeri aracın veya askerin kendisinin uzaktaki bir radarla aydınlatılarak radar ara kesiti bilgisi ile hedef saptaması yapılmaktadır. Stratejik öneme sahip askeri araç ve silahların veya askerin kendisinin radar ara kesitlerinin azaltılması için gereken görünmezlik tekniklerinin geliştirilmesi önemlidir. Çünkü böylece hedeflerin daha güç tespit edilmesi ve tanınması sağlanır. Görünmezlik sağlayıcı malzemeler elektromanyetik enerjisinin kısmen ısı enerjisine dönüştüğü kayıplı malzemeler olabilir. Bu çeşit malzemelerin soğurucu etkisi çok önemlidir. Bu nedenle, bu tez çalışmasında; sol-jel tekniği ve kimyasal oksidatif polimerizasyon ile elde edilen soğurucu ve kayıplı bir malzeme ile tekstil yüzeyi kaplanmış, bu şekilde hafif ağırlıkta, kullanım kolaylığı ve esneklik özelliği olan radar absorplayıcı tekstil malzemesi üretilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu tekstil malzemesi ile görünmez yapılacak malzeme örtülerek hedefe görünmezlik özelliği kazandırılmış olacaktır. Sol-jel yöntemi ile üretilen manyetik tozların DTA-TG, XRD, SEM ve VSM kullanarak termal, strüktürel, morfolojik ve manyetik analizleri ve kaplanan kumaşların XRD, SEM, FTIR, VSM, multimetre, dielektrik analizör ve koaksiyal hat ve network analizör kullaranak strüktürel, morfolojik, yapısal, manyetik, eletriksel, dielektrik ve elektromanyetik özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca kaplanan kumaşların yıkama dayanımı, renk haslıkları ve kopma mukavemetleri belirlenmiştir. Radar absorbing materials (RAM) constitute the part of stealthing defence systems for land, air and sea forces in military. While plane, rocket, helicopter, ship and tank as well soldier are illuminated with radar, target is established by radar cross section knowledge. It is important that stealthing techniques, which required for reducing radar cross section, are improved. Thus it is obtained that the target is hardly determined. Electromagnetic energy could be partly transformed to heat energy by lossy materials obtained with stealthing technologies. The absorbing effect of such materials is very important. Thus, in the thesis project, cotton fabric was coated with absorbing and lossy materials prepared using sol-gel processing and chemical oxidative polymerization. Hence, we aimed to produce the radar absorbing textile material which has the properties of light weight, flexible, easy handling. It may be achieved the stealthing technologies while the target was covered with coating textiles. The thermal, structural, morphological and magnetic properties of magnetic powders by sol-gel process using DTA-TG, XRD, SEM and VSM was determined. The structural, morphological, magnetic, electrical, dielectric and electromagnetic analysis of the coated fabrics using XRD, SEM, FTIR, VSM, multimeter, dielectric analyzer and coaxial line with network analyzer was carried out. Moreover washing durability, coloru fastness and tensile strength of the coated textiles was tested

Renk reçetesi tahminlenmesinde yapay sinir ağlarının kullanımı

Renk reçete tahminlemesi; verilen bir referans renk ile aynı rengi üretmek için hangi boyarmaddelerin hangi konsantrasyonlarına ihtiyaç duyuldugunu tahmin etmektir. iyi bir tahminleme yapabilmek deneyimli boya uzmanları için bile zordur. Reçete tahmini; klasik reçete çıkarma sistemine göre veya bilgisayarlı reçete çıkarına sistemine göre yapılabilir. Klasik reçete çıkarma sisteminde bir boya uzmanı deneyimlerine dayanarak verilen renge yakın bir reçete tutturmaya çalışır, bilgisayarlı reçete çıkarına sistemleri ise yaygın olarak bilinen doğrusal modele (Kubelka-Munk modeli) veya doğrusal olmayan (yapay sinir ağları) modele dayanabilir bu makalede doğrusal olmayan sisteme dayanan yapay sinir ağlarının kullanımı ile reçete çıkarma sisteminin nasıl çalıştığı açıklanacaktır

Synthesis Approaches of Magnetic Quantum Dots

Magnetic nanoparticles around 10-20 nm play a role as a single magnetic domain and attract interest for biomedical applications due to their superparamagnetic properties above blocking temperature. Semiconductor quantum dots with excellent optical properties have been investigated in biolabelling and bioimaging by means of their water solubility with certain bioconjugations. Recently there has been a huge interest in the area of magnetic quantum dots (especially Cd-Pb free) merging magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots for biomedical and bioimaging applications. © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Amin Reza Rajabzadeh, Seshasai Srinivasan, Poushali Das, and Sayan Ganguly

Polyester - Production, Characterization and Innovative Applications

Polyester is one of the most important polymers for fibers and composites. Significant developments in nanoparticle-doped polyester composites, polyester recycling, flame-retardant unsaturated polyester resins, and application of polyester for construction and automotive industry are currently carried out. Thus, this book provides leading edge research on improvements of functional properties of polyester, modifications of unsaturated polyester resins, and polyester (especially recycled polyester) usage in construction and in automotive application areas in the form of fiber, resin, and composite. The book also covers the characterization of unique features of polyester found by mechanical, chemical, physical, microstructural, and thermal analyses. This book intends to provide an understanding of the developments of functional polyester production, synthesis, and characterization and support to many academic researchers and graduate students in textile, polymer, composite, chemical science, and research and development managers in recycling and composite applications of polyester in the construction and automotive industry

Use of enzymes and chitosan biopolymer in wool dyeing

The importance of bio-processes and mild chemical so-called 'soft chemistry' processes have been increasing of late. Especially for expensive and fashionable material such as wool and silk, the compatibility with the environment and protecting these fibres' natural properties during their treatments have been investigated. In this study, we used proteases of different origins to treat wool-woven fabric. Proteolytic treatments were carried out with various commercial protease preparations such as Perizym AFW, Alcalase 2.5L, Savinase 16L and Papain. After proteolytic treatments, the samples were evaluated with regard to the loss of tensile strength, weight loss, degree of whiteness and alkali solubility. The samples were then dyed with different classes of dyestuffs such as reactive dyes, levelling acid, milling acid and metal complex dyestuffs. The effects of these proteolytic treatments on colour strength and various fastness values were evaluated. Moreover, some samples treated with proteases were then treated with chitosan, a polysaccharide-based cationic biopolymer, and dyed. Next, the effects of the treatment with chitosan on colour strength were determined

Development of water-, oil-repellent and flame-retardant cotton fabrics by organic-inorganic hybrid materials

In this study, water-repellent, oil-repellent and flame-retardant cotton fabrics were developed by solgel technique. With this aim, nanosols were prepared using tetraethylorthosilicate and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane as precursors, guanidine dihydrogen phosphate as flame-retardant agent and Guard AFB as conventional water–oil-repellent agent, solvents and chelating agents. Then, to AC105, VA7110, PU1110 and FC9005 as polymeric additives, with/without FX8000 or urea and formaldehyde as cross-linking agents, were added some nanosols to improve washing fastness of the fabric samples. Cotton fabrics were treated with nanosols without polymeric additives by pad–dry–cure process, while they were coated with nanosols containing polymeric additives by knife-over-roll coating. Water–oil-repellent properties, flame-retardant properties, washing fastness, contact angle, whiteness, tear strength and add-on values of the coated fabric samples were determined. It was found that the cotton fabrics with good water–oil-repellence and flame-retardant properties with relatively durable properties could be produced using nanosols containing guanidine dihydrogen phosphate and urea, together with tetraethylorthosilicate and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane as precursors, and lower concentrations of Guard AFB as commercial water–oil-repellent agent. However, the fabric samples were still not sufficiently durable when washed. It was deduced that the durability of cotton fabric during washing is developed by means of treatment with nanosols containing polyvinyl acetate-based polymer. © 2016 The Textile Institute

Leaching and fastness behavior of cotton fabrics dyed with different type of dyes using sol-gel process

Cotton fabrics were dyed with reactive, direct, and basic dyes by sol-gel process and exhausting process. As to this aim, the solutions of reactive, direct, and basic dyes were prepared by sol-gel process and then cotton fabrics were treated at 80 degrees C for 10 min with these solutions and dried at 120 degrees C for 20 min. Dyeing solutions contained tetraethyl orthosilicate and 3-glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane as precursor, ethanol and water as solvent for sol-gel process. The wash fastness, light fastness, rubbing fastness and the degree of leaching, the light fading value, and dyeing yield of dyeings were evaluated. Moreover, the effect on dyeing yield, fastnesses, leaching, and fading properties of adding of sodium acetate trihydrate in dyeing solutions for sol-gel process was firstly studied. It was found that the dyeing yield of dyed cotton fabrics with the direct dyes significantly improved with using sol-gel process with adding sodium acetate trihydrate in comparison with exhausting process. The color fastness values to washing and to light of the basic dyeing increased with using sol-gel process without adding sodium acetate trihydrate in comparison with exhausting process. The degree of leaching of dyed fabrics with the basic and reactive dyes decreased with using sol-gel process with adding sodium acetate trihydrate in comparison with exhausting process. The light fading value of dyed cotton fabrics with the basic and direct dyes after 120 h irridation decreased with using sol-gel process with adding sodium acetate trihydrate in comparison with exhausting process. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc