21,311 research outputs found
Do nations have stomachs? Food drink and imagined community in Africa
This paper takes a rhetorical question posed by Ernest Gellner and reframes it to ask whether a sense of national identity can be forged through everyday acts of consumption â in particular, that of food and drink. The article finds value in Benedict Andersonâs conception of the nation as an imagined community, but argues that it makes little sense to privilege the printed word over other forms of consumption. The article goes on to suggest that there have been significant convergences at the level of consumption, but that not all of this has led to reflection about what it means to be a member of the nation. Some lessons are drawn from literatures about music and dress, following which the attention turns to alcoholic drinks and everyday foodstuffs. The history of the consumption of beer and wine in South Africa is used as a case study for convergence in a least likely scenario. The discussion on food observes that while cuisine is not a matter of debate in many African countries, in some countries, like Ethiopia and Senegal, it is taken very seriously indeed. In South Africa, there are ongoing efforts to posit food preferences as something distinctively South African. Although the braai is often discussed in a lighthearted manner, the promotion of a sense of awareness about what all South Africans share in terms of eating habits also has a more serious side to it.Ausgangspunkt des Beitrags ist eine abgewandelte rhetorische Frage von Ernest Gellner. Gefragt wird, ob alltĂ€gliche Akte des Konsums, insbesondere Ess- und Trinkgewohnheiten, zur Identifikation mit der eigenen Nation beitragen. Der Beitrag hĂ€lt Benedict Andersons Konzeption der Nation als Imagined Community fĂŒr hilfreich, argumentiert aber, dass es wenig Sinn macht, das gedruckte Wort gegenĂŒber anderen Konsumbereichen besonders hervorzuheben. Der Autor beobachtet im Hinblick auf Konsumgewohnheiten signifikante Konvergenzen, die allerdings nicht immer zur Reflexion ĂŒber nationale Zusammengehörigkeit fĂŒhren. Er stellt BeitrĂ€ge zu Musik und Kleidung vor und wendet sich dann der Bedeutung des Konsums alkoholischer GetrĂ€nke und alltĂ€glicher Nahrungsmittel zu. Mit einer kursorischen Geschichte des Bier- und Weinkonsums in SĂŒdafrika greift er einen auf den ersten Blick besonders unwahrscheinlichen Fall von Konvergenz auf. Die nationale KĂŒche ist in afrikanischen Staaten zumeist kein Gegenstand von Debatten, wird in LĂ€ndern wie Ăthiopien und Senegal allerdings sehr ernst genommen. Auch in SĂŒdafrika gibt es BemĂŒhungen, die Bevorzugung bestimmter Lebensmittel als spezifisch sĂŒdafrikanisch darzustellen; und auch wenn ĂŒber die in SĂŒdafrika gebrĂ€uchliche Variante des Grillens (braai) oft eher scherzhaft gesprochen wird, hat doch die Förderung des Bewusstseins, welche Essgewohnheiten alle SĂŒdafrikaner miteinander teilen, auch eine ernstere Seite
Prosecuting Dark Net Drug Marketplace Operators Under the Federal Crack House Statute
Over 70,000 Americans died as the result of a drug overdose in 2017, a record year following a record year. Amidst this crisis, the popularity of drug marketplaces on what has been called the âdark netâ has exploded. Illicit substances are sold freely on such marketplaces, and the anonymity these marketplaces provide has proved troublesome for law enforcement. Law enforcement has responded by taking down several of these marketplaces and prosecuting their creators, such as Ross Ulbricht of the former Silk Road. Prosecutors have typically leveled conspiracy charges against the operators of these marketplacesâin Ulbrichtâs case, alleging a single drug conspiracy comprising Ulbricht and the thousands of vendors on the Silk Road. This Note argues that the conspiracy to distribute narcotics charge is a poor conceptual fit for the behavior of operators of typical dark net drug marketplaces, and that the federal âcrack houseâ statute provides a better charge. Though charging these operators under the crack house statute would be a novel approach, justice is best served when the crime accurately describes the behavior, as the crack house statute does in proscribing what dark net drug marketplace operators like Ulbricht do
Understanding the EU Policy Portfolio: Conceptualising a Dynamic Model of Integration
This paper suggests that EUâs policy portfolio resembles the outcome of interstate bargaining predicted by federalist theory. We conclude that federalist theory, when combined with economic integration theory, is a robust tool for conceptualizing the EU policy portfolio. The result is a dynamic model, which we call 'federal integrationâ
User manual for the Earth observations Division R and D to OLPARS dot data conversion
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