Amino acid sequence variations in Nicotiana CRR4 orthologs determine the species-specific efficiency of RNA editing in plastids

In flowering plants, RNA editing is a posttranscriptional process that converts specific C to U in organelle mRNAs. Nicotiana tabacum is an allotetraploid species derived from the progenitors of Nicotiana sylvestris and Nicotiana tomentosiformis. These Nicotiana species have been used as a model for understanding the mechanism and evolution of RNA editing in plastids. In Nicotiana species, the ndhD-1 site is edited to create the translational initiation codon of ndhD that encodes a subunit of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenease (NDH) complex. An analysis of this RNA editing revealed that editing efficiency in N. tomentosiformis is lower (15%) than that in N. tabacum (42%) and N. sylvestris (37%). However, this level of editing is sufficient for accumulating the NDH complex and its activity. The heterogous complementation of Arabidopsis crr4-3 mutant, in which RNA editing of ndhD-1 is completely impaired, with CRR4 orthologous genes derived from Nicotiana species suggested that the reduction in editing efficiency in N. tomentosiformis is caused by amino acid variations accumulating in CRR4

JASMINE: Near-infrared astrometry and time-series photometry science

The Japan Astrometry Satellite Mission for INfrared Exploration (JASMINE) is a planned M-class science space mission by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. JASMINE has two main science goals. One is Galactic archaeology with a Galactic Center survey, which aims to reveal the Milky Way’s central core structure and formation history from Gaia-level (∼25 ${\mu}$as) astrometry in the near-infrared (NIR) Hw band (1.0–1.6 ${\mu}$m). The other is an exoplanet survey, which aims to discover transiting Earth-like exoplanets in the habitable zone from NIR time-series photometry of M dwarfs when the Galactic Center is not accessible. We introduce the mission, review many science objectives, and present the instrument concept. JASMINE will be the first dedicated NIR astrometry space mission and provide precise astrometric information on the stars in the Galactic Center, taking advantage of the significantly lower extinction in the NIR. The precise astrometry is obtained by taking many short-exposure images. Hence, the JASMINE Galactic Center survey data will be valuable for studies of exoplanet transits, asteroseismology, variable stars, and microlensing studies, including discovery of (intermediate-mass) black holes. We highlight a swath of such potential science, and also describe synergies with other missions

Rapid Simultaneous 17 Elements Analysis of Some Yamato Meteorites by ICP-OES

Seventeen elements in stone meteorites were determined rapidly and simultaneously by ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy). Five antarctic meteorites were classified by using ICP-OES data. The result is as follows : Yamato-74001 and -75028 are H chondrite and Yamato-74035,-74191 and Allan Hills-769 are L chondrite

DOĞU VE GÜNEYDOĞU ANADOLU NEOJEN-KUVATERNER VOLKANİTLERİNE İLİŞKİN YENİ JEOKİMYASAL, RADYOMETRİK VE İZOTOPİK VERİLERİN YORUMU

Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu'da Orta Miyosenden itibaren etkin olmaya başlayan çarpışma zonu volkanizması incelenmiş ve çeşitli yörelerdeki değişik yüzleklerinden örnekler alınarak majör, iz ve nadir toprak element (REE) kimyasal analizleri, stronsiyum izotop (87 Sr/86 Sr) ölçümleri ve K/Ar yöntemi ile radyometrik yaş belirlemeleri yapılmıştır. Volkanik kayaçların, majör element kapsamlarına, göre yapılan diyagramlarda genellikle kalkalkalin ve alkalin, kısmen de toleyitik nitelikler taşıdıkları gözlenmiş, petrografik adlamaların yanı sıra, kimyasal bileşimlerine göre de adlandırmaları yapılmıştır. Volkanitlerin iz element kapsamları genellikle üst kıtasal kabuk, kısmen alt kabuk ve ender olarak da manto ortalama değerlerine uymaktadır. Örneklerde ölçülen stronsiyum izotop oranları 0.70350—0.70640 arasında geniş bir aralıkta olup, bölgede Anadolu ve Arap plakalarının birbirleriyle çarpışmalarından önce alta dalan Arap plakasına ilişkin kabuk parçasının volkanitleri oluşturan magmaya bulaştığının işareti olarak yorumlanmıştır. K/Ar yöntemine göre yapılan radyometrik yaş belirlemelerinde, ölçülen en eski yaş, Eleşkirt Kösedağ'a ait olup, 11.4 ± 0.9 my, en genç yaşlar ise 30 000 yıl ile Nemrut dağı kalderası içindeki obsidiyenlere ve Tendürek dağının trakiandezitik lavlarına aittir. Makalede ayrıca tüm Doğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu volkanitlerinin dağılımları ile volkanolojik, jeokimyasal, petrografik, radyometrik ve izotopik özellikleri irdelenmiştir

Adjacent releases of mantle helium and soil CO2 from active faults: Observations from the Marmara region of the North Anatolian Fault zone, Turkey

Volatile releases, in terms of CO2 efflux and noble gas of mantle origin, are investigated in the Marmara region of the seismically active North Anatolian Fault (NAF) zone. A total of 180 CO2 efflux measurements (1 to 309 g m(-2) d(-1)) were carried out along four transects across the NAF. Spatial variability of surface CO2 effluxes was higher at faulted sites, relative to comparable background areas. The delta C-13 values of soil CO2 are -24.0 to -15.6 parts per thousand without correlation with CO2 efflux values, which suggest that CO2 efflux anomaly is caused by fault-related biogenic gas flow. Furthermore, 36 gas and water samples from spring sites were investigated for He-3/He-4 ratios which resulted in a range from 0.26 R/R-A to 4.22 R/R-A. Large mantle helium contributions were observed from several sources along the NAF. The high CO2 efflux sector on the Gazikoy-Saros fault along the NAF coincides with the area of high mantle helium flux. This shows that fault zones play an important role both in transferring mantle helium to the surface and in causing fault-related biogenic gas flow

High-velocity Blue-shifted Fe xxv Heα Line during a Superflare of the RS Canum Venaticorum–type Star IM Peg

The Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image (MAXI) detected a superflare, releasing 5 × 10 ^37 erg in 2−10 keV, of the RS CVn-type star IM Peg at 10:41 UT on 2023 July 23 with its Gas Slit Camera (2−30 keV). We conducted X-ray follow-up observations of the superflare with the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER; 0.2−12 keV) starting at 16:52 UT on July 23 until 06:00 UT on August 2. NICER X-ray spectra clearly showed emission lines of the Fe xxv He α and Fe xxvi Ly α for ∼1.5 days since the MAXI detection. The Fe XXV He α line was blueshifted with its maximum Doppler velocity reaching −2200 ± 600 km s ^−1 , suggesting an upward-moving plasma during the flare, such as a coronal mass ejection (CME) and/or chromospheric evaporation. This is the first case that the Fe xxv He α line is blueshifted during a stellar flare, and its velocity overwhelmingly exceeds the escape velocity of the star (−230 km s ^−1 ). One hour before the most pronounced blueshift detection, a signature of the reheating of the flare plasma was observed. We discuss the origin of the blueshift, a CME, or high-velocity chromospheric evaporation

Contribution of CO2 and H2S emitted to the atmosphere by plume and diffuse degassing from volcanoes:the Etna volcano case study

Active subaerial volcanoes often discharge large amounts of CO2 and H2S to the atmosphere, not only during eruptions but also during periods of quiescence. These gases are discharged through focused (plumes, fumaroles, etc.) and diffuse emissions. Several studies have been carried out to estimate the global contribution of CO2 and H2S emitted to the atmosphere by subaerial volcanism, but additional volcanic degassing studies will help to improve the current estimates of bothCO2 andH2S discharges. In October 2008, a wide-scale survey was carried out at Mt. Etna volcano, one the world’s most actively degassing volcanoes on Earth, for the assessment of the total budget of volcanic/hydrothermal discharges of CO2 and H2S, both from plume and diffuse emissions. Surface CO2 and H2S effluxes were measured by means of the accumulation chamber method at 4075 sites, covering an area of about 972.5 km2. Concurrently, plume SO2 emission at Mt. Etna was remotely measured by a car-borne Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometry (DOAS) instrument. Crater emissions of H2O, CO2 and H2S were estimated by multiplying the plume SO2 emission times the H2O/SO2, CO2/SO2 and H2S/SO2 gas plume mass ratios measured in situ using a portable multisensor. The total output of diffuse CO2 emission from Mt. Etna was estimated to be 20,000 ± 400 t day-1 with 4520 t day-1 of deep-seated CO2. Diffuse H2S output was estimated to be 400 ± 20 kg day-1, covering an area of 9.1 km2 around the summit craters of the volcano. Diffuse H2S emission on the volcano flanks was either negligible or null, probably due to scrubbing of this gas before reaching the surface. During this study, the average crater SO2 emission rate was *2100 t day-1. Based on measured SO2 emission rates, the estimated H2O, CO2 and H2S emission rates from Etna’s crater degassing were 220,000 ± 100,000, 35,000 ± 16,000 and 510 ± 240 t day-1, respectively. These high values are explained in terms of intense volcanic activity at the time of this survey. The diffuse/plume CO2 emission mass ratio at Mt. Etna was *0.57, that is typical of erupting volcanoes (mass ratio\1). The average CO2/SO2 molar ratio measured in the plume was 11.5, which is typical of magmatic degassing at great depth beneath the volcano, and the CO2/H2S mass ratio in total diffuse gas emissions was much higher (*11,000) than in plume gas emissions (*68). These results will provide important implications for estimates of volcanic total carbon and sulfur budget from subaerial volcanoes.project CGL2005-07509/CLI, Ministry of Education and Science of SpainPublished327-3494V. Vulcani e ambienteJCR Journalrestricte

Emisión difusa de dióxido de carbono en el Volcán Irazú, Costa Rica

El primer estudio sobre desgasificación difusa de CO2 en el volcán Irazú se realizó en el 2001, conel objetivo de evaluar el origen y la distribución espacial del flujo difuso de CO2 así como la tasa de emisión de CO2 a la atmósfera. La mayor parte del área de estudio presentó valores de fondo para el flujo difuso de CO2 <20 g m-2 d-1. El mayor valor medido fue de 316 g m-2 d-1, que es relativamente inferior a los mayores valoresmedidos en otros sistemas volcánicos asentados en el mismo ambiente volcanotectónico. Los mayores valoresde flujo difuso de CO2 se detectaron en el borde NE del cráter Principal y al N del cráter Diego de La Haya. Lafirma isotópica del carbono en el CO2 de la atmósfera del suelo presentó un amplio rango de valores δ13C-CO2,entre –65,3 y –19,8 ‰, que sugiere una importante contribución biogénica. La tasa de emisión difusa de CO2para el área de estudio en el Irazú se estimó en 44 t d-1. El estudio de los gases fumarólicos mostró una relación3He/4He característica de volcanes relacionados con zonas de subducción (6,6 R ), y que el 90% del CO2 emitido procede de la incorporación de sedimentos calcáreos en el proceso de subducción. The first study of diffuse CO2 degassing was performed at Irazú volcano in 2001, with the goalto evaluate the origin and spatial distribution of CO2 efflux as well as the total output of CO2 to the atmosphe-re. Most of the study area showed background values of CO2 efflux, < 20 g m-2 d-1. The highest value was 316g m-2 d-1, which is relatively lower than the observed highest values for other volcanic systems within the samevolcano tectonic framework. The relatively high CO2 efflux values were located in the NE sector of the maincrater and in the northern side of Diego de la Haya crater. Carbon isotopic signatures showed a wide range ofδ13C-CO2 values from –65.3 to –19.8 ‰ suggesting a strong biogenic component. The estimated total output ofdiffuse CO2 degassing to the atmosphere from the study area was 44 t d-1. The studied fumarolic gases showedthat the 3He/4He ratio had a characteristic value for volcanoes related with subduction areas (6.6 RA), and that90% of the CO2 emitted comes from calcareous sediments incorporated during the subduction process.