39 research outputs found
The impact of jamming on boundaries of collectively moving weak-interacting cells
Collective cell migration is an important feature of wound healing,
as well as embryonic and tumor development. The origin of collective cell
migration is mainly intercellular interactions through effects such as a line
tension preventing cells from detaching from the boundary. In contrast, in this
study, we show for the first time that the formation of a constant cell front of a
monolayer can also be maintained by the dynamics of the underlying migrating
single cells. Ballistic motion enables the maintenance of the integrity of the
sheet, while a slowed down dynamics and glass-like behavior cause jamming of
cells at the front when two monolayers—even of the same cell type—meet. By
employing a velocity autocorrelation function to investigate the cell dynamics
in detail, we found a compressed exponential decay as described by the
Kohlrausch–William–Watts function of the form C(δx)t ∼ exp (−(x/x0(t))β(t)),
with 1.5 6 β(t) 6 1.8. This clearly shows that although migrating cells are an
active, non-equilibrium system, the cell monolayer behaves in a glass-like way,
which requires jamming as a part of intercellular interactions. Since it is the
dynamics which determine the integrity of the cell sheet and its front for weakly
interacting cells, it becomes evident why changes of the migratory behavior
during epithelial to mesenchymal transition can result in the escape of single
cells and metastasis
Colloquium: Mechanical formalisms for tissue dynamics
The understanding of morphogenesis in living organisms has been renewed by
tremendous progressin experimental techniques that provide access to
cell-scale, quantitative information both on theshapes of cells within tissues
and on the genes being expressed. This information suggests that
ourunderstanding of the respective contributions of gene expression and
mechanics, and of their crucialentanglement, will soon leap forward.
Biomechanics increasingly benefits from models, which assistthe design and
interpretation of experiments, point out the main ingredients and assumptions,
andultimately lead to predictions. The newly accessible local information thus
calls for a reflectionon how to select suitable classes of mechanical models.
We review both mechanical ingredientssuggested by the current knowledge of
tissue behaviour, and modelling methods that can helpgenerate a rheological
diagram or a constitutive equation. We distinguish cell scale ("intra-cell")and
tissue scale ("inter-cell") contributions. We recall the mathematical framework
developpedfor continuum materials and explain how to transform a constitutive
equation into a set of partialdifferential equations amenable to numerical
resolution. We show that when plastic behaviour isrelevant, the dissipation
function formalism appears appropriate to generate constitutive equations;its
variational nature facilitates numerical implementation, and we discuss
adaptations needed in thecase of large deformations. The present article
gathers theoretical methods that can readily enhancethe significance of the
data to be extracted from recent or future high throughput
biomechanicalexperiments.Comment: 33 pages, 20 figures. This version (26 Sept. 2015) contains a few
corrections to the published version, all in Appendix D.2 devoted to large
deformation
The impact of jamming on boundaries of collectively moving weak-interacting cells
Collective cell migration is an important feature of wound healing,
as well as embryonic and tumor development. The origin of collective cell
migration is mainly intercellular interactions through effects such as a line
tension preventing cells from detaching from the boundary. In contrast, in this
study, we show for the first time that the formation of a constant cell front of a
monolayer can also be maintained by the dynamics of the underlying migrating
single cells. Ballistic motion enables the maintenance of the integrity of the
sheet, while a slowed down dynamics and glass-like behavior cause jamming of
cells at the front when two monolayers—even of the same cell type—meet. By
employing a velocity autocorrelation function to investigate the cell dynamics
in detail, we found a compressed exponential decay as described by the
Kohlrausch–William–Watts function of the form C(δx)t ∼ exp (−(x/x0(t))β(t)),
with 1.5 6 β(t) 6 1.8. This clearly shows that although migrating cells are an
active, non-equilibrium system, the cell monolayer behaves in a glass-like way,
which requires jamming as a part of intercellular interactions. Since it is the
dynamics which determine the integrity of the cell sheet and its front for weakly
interacting cells, it becomes evident why changes of the migratory behavior
during epithelial to mesenchymal transition can result in the escape of single
cells and metastasis
The impact of jamming on boundaries of collectively moving weak-interacting cells
Collective cell migration is an important feature of wound healing,
as well as embryonic and tumor development. The origin of collective cell
migration is mainly intercellular interactions through effects such as a line
tension preventing cells from detaching from the boundary. In contrast, in this
study, we show for the first time that the formation of a constant cell front of a
monolayer can also be maintained by the dynamics of the underlying migrating
single cells. Ballistic motion enables the maintenance of the integrity of the
sheet, while a slowed down dynamics and glass-like behavior cause jamming of
cells at the front when two monolayers—even of the same cell type—meet. By
employing a velocity autocorrelation function to investigate the cell dynamics
in detail, we found a compressed exponential decay as described by the
Kohlrausch–William–Watts function of the form C(δx)t ∼ exp (−(x/x0(t))β(t)),
with 1.5 6 β(t) 6 1.8. This clearly shows that although migrating cells are an
active, non-equilibrium system, the cell monolayer behaves in a glass-like way,
which requires jamming as a part of intercellular interactions. Since it is the
dynamics which determine the integrity of the cell sheet and its front for weakly
interacting cells, it becomes evident why changes of the migratory behavior
during epithelial to mesenchymal transition can result in the escape of single
cells and metastasis
Actin and microtubule networks contribute differently to cell response for small and large strains
Cytoskeletal filaments provide cells with mechanical stability and organization. The main key players
are actin filaments and microtubules governing a cell’s response to mechanical stimuli. We
investigated the specific influences of these crucial components by deforming MCF-7 epithelial cells at
small(\u845% deformation) and large strains(>5% deformation). To understand specific contributions
of actin filaments and microtubules, we systematically studied cellular responses after treatment with
cytoskeleton influencing drugs. Quantification with the microfluidic optical stretcher allowed
capturing the relative deformation and relaxation of cells under different conditions. We separated
distinctive deformational and relaxational contributions to cell mechanics for actin and microtubule
networks for two orders of magnitude of drug dosages. Disrupting actin filaments via latrunculin A,
for instance, revealed a strain-independent softening. Stabilizing these filaments by treatment with
jasplakinolide yielded cell softening for small strains but showed no significant change at large strains.
In contrast, cells treated with nocodazole to disrupt microtubules displayed a softening at large strains
but remained unchanged at small strains. Stabilizing microtubules within the cells via paclitaxel
revealed no significant changes for deformations at small strains, but concentration-dependent
impact at large strains. This suggests that for suspended cells, the actin cortex is probed at small strains,
while at larger strains; the whole cell is probed with a significant contribution from the microtubule
Actin and microtubule networks contribute differently to cell response for small and large strains
Cytoskeletal filaments provide cells with mechanical stability and organization. The main key players
are actin filaments and microtubules governing a cell’s response to mechanical stimuli. We
investigated the specific influences of these crucial components by deforming MCF-7 epithelial cells at
small(\u845% deformation) and large strains(>5% deformation). To understand specific contributions
of actin filaments and microtubules, we systematically studied cellular responses after treatment with
cytoskeleton influencing drugs. Quantification with the microfluidic optical stretcher allowed
capturing the relative deformation and relaxation of cells under different conditions. We separated
distinctive deformational and relaxational contributions to cell mechanics for actin and microtubule
networks for two orders of magnitude of drug dosages. Disrupting actin filaments via latrunculin A,
for instance, revealed a strain-independent softening. Stabilizing these filaments by treatment with
jasplakinolide yielded cell softening for small strains but showed no significant change at large strains.
In contrast, cells treated with nocodazole to disrupt microtubules displayed a softening at large strains
but remained unchanged at small strains. Stabilizing microtubules within the cells via paclitaxel
revealed no significant changes for deformations at small strains, but concentration-dependent
impact at large strains. This suggests that for suspended cells, the actin cortex is probed at small strains,
while at larger strains; the whole cell is probed with a significant contribution from the microtubule