Relaxed Game Chromatic Numbers of Complete Multipartite Graphs

Competitive graph coloring is investigated by studying a game with two players, Alice and Bob, on a finite graph G with a set of r colors. Alice and Bob alternately color the vertices of G with legal colors. In the k-relaxed coloring game, a color c is legal for a vertex v if v has at most k neighbors previously colored c. New results about the 0, 1, and 2-relaxed game chromatic numbers will be presented, completely classifying the 0 and 1-relaxed games and partially classifying the 2-relaxed game. These results will be presented in the context of previous research and given a direction of where they need to go next

Superintendents and Professional Development: Voices from the Field

The primary task of the educational leader is to assure high quality learning environments for all students. Research (Gordon, 2004; Sparks, 2007) supports the proposition that effective professional development contributes to instructional improvement by building educator capacity. Much of the research on professional development focuses in principal leadership in improving instruction (Blase & Blase, 2004). But district level administrators, especially the superintendent of schools, also have a role to play in school improvement. Standards for the preparation of school leaders specify competencies for superintendents that include the design and implementation of professional development programs based on sound research, best practices, district-and school-level data, and other contextual information (National Policy Board, 2002). The National Staff Development Council\u27s Standards (2001) also describe a comprehensive set of activities to improve student learning that apply to both campus and district level personnel. But while the research on the instructional leadership role of principals is extensive, comparatively little is said about how superintendents meet their own responsibilities in this area (Dufour, 2000; Hirsch, 2009; Firestone, Manquin, & Martinez, 2005)

Improving Financial Inclusion through the Delivery of Cash Transfer Programmes: The Case of Mexico’s Progresa-Oportunidades-Prospera Programme

This paper follows a quasi-experimental research design to assess the impact of the electronic payment system of Mexico’s Progresa-Oportunidades-Prospera (POP) programme. The switch from cash payments to electronic payments delivered via savings accounts is found to have medium-term effects on savings decisions, transaction costs, and coping strategies. Overall, the study finds that, following the intervention, a substitution effect emerged between saving portfolio choices, with the poor favouring bank accounts over informal saving arrangements. It also found that the Oportunidades savings account led to an increase in remittance reception, which in turn had important implications for household consumption smoothing and risk management decisions. The study also reveals impact heterogeneity depending on household composition and the rural-urban divide, with important implications for replicability of similar policy innovations in other countrie

Keanekaragaman Kupu-Kupu (Lepidoptera) di Sekitar Pinggiran Sungai Maslete Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara

Penelitian tentang keanekaragaman kupu-kupu sudah banyak dilakukan khususnya di pulau Jawa, namun belum semua wilayah di Indonesia diperoleh data tentang keanekaragaman kupu-kupu. Salah satu di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara masih belum banyak dilakukan, khususnya di sekitar pinggiran sungai Maslete, Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis kupu-kupu, untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman kupu-kupu, untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi kehidupan kupu-kupu di sekitar pinggiran sungai Maslete Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara serta untuk mengetahui implementasi hasil penelitian dalam pembelajaran biologi di sekolah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode jelajah. Penentuan lokasi pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan mengikuti garis transek sepanjang 500m, Pada garis transek dibuat substransek. Jarak antar subtransek yaitu 250m. Pada masing-masing subtransek dibuat 2 buah plot berukuran 5x5 m2. Kupu-kupu ditangkap menggunakan jaring dan identifikasi berdasarkan cirri morfologi kupu-kupu. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis keanekaragamannya menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-wienner. Hasil penelitian di sekitar pinggiran sungai maslete ditemukan 7 jenis kupu-kupu yang tergolong dalam 3 famili yaitu Pieridae dengan 3 jenis, Nymphalidae dengan 2 jenis dan Papilionidae dengan 2 jenis. Indeks keanekaragaman kupu-kupu di sekitar pinggiran sungai maslete tergolong rendah dengan nilai H\u27 0,9884. Hasil pengukuran parameter lingkungan di sekitar pinggiran sungai Maslete menunjukkan bahwa suhu udara berkisar antara 34,37-34,67o C dan kelembaban udara berkisar antara 57-59%

Chemical composition and origin of nebulae around Luminous Blue Variables

We use the analysis of the heavy element abundances (C, N, O, S) in circumstellar nebulae around Luminous Blue Variables to infer the evolutionary phase in which the material has been ejected. (1) We discuss the different effects that may have changed the gas composition of the nebula since it was ejected (2) We calculate the expected abundance changes at the stellar surface due to envelope convection in the red supergiant phase. If the observed LBV nebulae are ejected during the RSG phase, the abundances of the LBV nebulae require a significantly smaller amount of mass to be lost than assumed in evolutionary models. (3) We calculate the changes in the surface composition during the main sequence phase by rotation induced mixing. If the nebulae are ejected at the end of the MS-phase, the abundances in LBV nebulae are compatible with mixing times between 5 x 10^6 and 1 x 10^7 years. The existence of ON stars supports this scenario. (4) The predicted He/H ratio in the nebulae are significantly smaller than the current observed photospheric values of their central stars. Combining various arguments we show that the LBV nebulae are ejected during the blue SG phase and that the stars have not gone through a RSG phase. The chemical enhancements are due to rotation induced mixing, and the ejection is possibly triggered by near-critical rotation. During the ejection, the outflow was optically thick, which resulted in a large effective radius and a low effective temperature. This also explains the observed properties of LBV dust.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures, to be published in The Astrophysical Journal, April 20, 200

Model Pembelajaran Tipe Giving Questions And Getting Answers (GQGA) untuk Mengoptimalkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa

Keterampilan berpikir kritis adalah kapasitas untuk menganalisis keadaan secara cermat dan menyeluruh serta menghasilkan jawaban. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui apakah pemanfaatan model GQGA berdampak pada meningkatnya keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa. Terdapat dua kelas yaitu kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol yang dilibatkan dalam eksperimen semu dengan menggunakan metodologi kuantitatif. SMA Negeri 1 Tinambung yang terletak di Layonga Kecamatan Balanipa Kabupaten Polewali Mandar menjadi lokasi penelitian. Teknik purposive sampling dimanfaatkan dengan memilih sampel sebanyak 31 siswa X MIA 1 dan 33 siswa X MIA 2 yang dijadikan sebagai subjek penelitian. Dengan menggunakan SPSS versi 24, metode analisis data berupa analisis statistik inferensial dan deskriptif. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan adanya nilai berbeda dari keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa yang dibelajarkan dengan GQGA dan yang tanpa diberikan perlakuan. Rerata nilai kelas eksperimen sebesar 83,71, sedangkan nilai kelas kontrol hanya 67,18. Pendekatan pembelajaran kooperatif tipe GQGA ternyata memberikan dampak terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Tinambung