216 research outputs found
The Outsider and Sunk Cost Effects on 'Dango' in Public Procurement Bidding: An Experimental Analysis.
This paper presents the result of experiments for finding some insight into an effect of the new bidding system in Japanese public construction works procurement on bidders' collusion, which is called 'dango'. We focused on an effect of the entry of an outsider who is not a dango member. The main conclusion of the experiments is that an outsider, a subject who is not allowed to communicate with other subjects, has a robust effect to prevent other subjects from colluding and to make the winning price decrease considerably.CONSTRUCTION ; PRICES ; BIDDING
Measurements of double-helicity asymmetries in inclusive production in longitudinally polarized collisions at GeV
We report the double helicity asymmetry, , in inclusive
production at forward rapidity as a function of transverse momentum
and rapidity . The data analyzed were taken during
GeV longitudinally polarized collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion
Collider (RHIC) in the 2013 run using the PHENIX detector. At this collision
energy, particles are predominantly produced through gluon-gluon
scatterings, thus is sensitive to the gluon polarization
inside the proton. We measured by detecting the decay
daughter muon pairs within the PHENIX muon spectrometers in the
rapidity range . In this kinematic range, we measured the
to be ~(stat)~~(syst). The
can be expressed to be proportional to the product of the
gluon polarization distributions at two distinct ranges of Bjorken : one at
moderate range where recent RHIC data of jet and
double helicity spin asymmetries have shown evidence for significant gluon
polarization, and the other one covering the poorly known small- region . Thus our new results could be used to further
constrain the gluon polarization for .Comment: 335 authors, 10 pages, 4 figures, 3 tables, 2013 data. Version
accepted for publication by Phys. Rev. D. Plain text data tables for the
points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or
will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm
J/psi suppression at forward rapidity in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=39 and 62.4 GeV
We present measurements of the J/psi invariant yields in sqrt(s_NN)=39 and
62.4 GeV Au+Au collisions at forward rapidity (1.2<|y|<2.2). Invariant yields
are presented as a function of both collision centrality and transverse
momentum. Nuclear modifications are obtained for central relative to peripheral
Au+Au collisions (R_CP) and for various centrality selections in Au+Au relative
to scaled p+p cross sections obtained from other measurements (R_AA). The
observed suppression patterns at 39 and 62.4 GeV are quite similar to those
previously measured at 200 GeV. This similar suppression presents a challenge
to theoretical models that contain various competing mechanisms with different
energy dependencies, some of which cause suppression and others enhancement.Comment: 365 authors, 10 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables. Submitted to Phys. Rev.
C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and
previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at
http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm
Cross Section and Transverse Single-Spin Asymmetry of Mesons in Collisions at GeV at Forward Rapidity
We present a measurement of the cross section and transverse single-spin
asymmetry () for mesons at large pseudorapidity from
~GeV collisions. The measured cross section for
~GeV/ and is well described by a
next-to-leading-order perturbative-quantum-chromodynamics calculation. The
asymmetries have been measured as a function of Feynman- () from
, as well as transverse momentum () from
~GeV/. The asymmetry averaged over positive is
. The results are consistent with prior
transverse single-spin measurements of forward and mesons at
various energies in overlapping ranges. Comparison of different particle
species can help to determine the origin of the large observed asymmetries in
collisions.Comment: 484 authors, 13 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables, 2008 data. v2 is version
accepted by Phys. Rev. D. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in
figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be)publicly
available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm
Quadrupole Anisotropy in Dihadron Azimuthal Correlations in Central Au Collisions at =200 GeV
The PHENIX collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
reports measurements of azimuthal dihadron correlations near midrapidity in
Au collisions at =200 GeV. These measurements
complement recent analyses by experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
involving central Pb collisions at =5.02 TeV, which
have indicated strong anisotropic long-range correlations in angular
distributions of hadron pairs. The origin of these anisotropies is currently
unknown. Various competing explanations include parton saturation and
hydrodynamic flow. We observe qualitatively similar, but larger, anisotropies
in Au collisions compared to those seen in Pb collisions at the
LHC. The larger extracted values in Au collisions at RHIC are
consistent with expectations from hydrodynamic calculations owing to the larger
expected initial-state eccentricity compared with that from Pb
collisions. When both are divided by an estimate of the initial-state
eccentricity the scaled anisotropies follow a common trend with multiplicity
that may extend to heavy ion data at RHIC and the LHC, where the anisotropies
are widely thought to arise from hydrodynamic flow.Comment: 375 authors, 7 pages, 5 figures. Published in Phys. Rev. Lett. v2 has
minor changes to text and figures in response to PRL referee suggestions.
Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and
previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at
http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm
Centrality categorization for R_{p(d)+A} in high-energy collisions
High-energy proton- and deuteron-nucleus collisions provide an excellent tool
for studying a wide array of physics effects, including modifications of parton
distribution functions in nuclei, gluon saturation, and color neutralization
and hadronization in a nuclear environment, among others. All of these effects
are expected to have a significant dependence on the size of the nuclear target
and the impact parameter of the collision, also known as the collision
centrality. In this article, we detail a method for determining centrality
classes in p(d)+A collisions via cuts on the multiplicity at backward rapidity
(i.e., the nucleus-going direction) and for determining systematic
uncertainties in this procedure. For d+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV we
find that the connection to geometry is confirmed by measuring the fraction of
events in which a neutron from the deuteron does not interact with the nucleus.
As an application, we consider the nuclear modification factors R_{p(d)+A}, for
which there is a potential bias in the measured centrality dependent yields due
to auto-correlations between the process of interest and the backward rapidity
multiplicity. We determine the bias correction factor within this framework.
This method is further tested using the HIJING Monte Carlo generator. We find
that for d+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV, these bias corrections are
small and vary by less than 5% (10%) up to p_T = 10 (20) GeV. In contrast, for
p+Pb collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 5.02 TeV we find these bias factors are an
order of magnitude larger and strongly p_T dependent, likely due to the larger
effect of multi-parton interactions.Comment: 375 authors, 18 pages, 16 figures, 4 tables. Submitted to Phys. Rev.
C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and
previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at
http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm
Transverse-Momentum Dependence of the J/psi Nuclear Modification in d+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV
We present measured J/psi production rates in d+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) =
200 GeV over a broad range of transverse momentum (p_T=0-14 GeV/c) and rapidity
(-2.2<y<2.2). We construct the nuclear-modification factor R_dAu for these
kinematics and as a function of collision centrality (related to impact
parameter for the R_dAu collision). We find that the modification is largest
for collisions with small impact parameters, and observe a suppression
(R_dAu<1) for p_T<4 GeV/c at positive rapidities. At negative rapidity we
observe a suppression for p_T1) for p_T>2
GeV/c. The observed enhancement at negative rapidity has implications for the
observed modification in heavy-ion collisions at high p_T.Comment: 384 authors, 24 pages, 19 figures, 13 tables. Submitted to Phys. Rev.
C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and
previous PHENIX publications are publicly available at
http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/phenix/WWW/info/data/ppg123_data.htm
Cross section for production via dielectrons in dAu collisions at GeV
We report a measurement of pairs from semileptonic heavy-flavor
decays in Au collisions at GeV. Exploring the mass
and transverse-momentum dependence of the yield, the bottom decay contribution
can be isolated from charm, and quantified by comparison to {\sc pythia} and
{\sc mc@nlo} simulations. The resulting -production cross section is
~mb, which is equivalent to a nucleon-nucleon cross section of
b.Comment: 375 authors, 16 pages, 8 figures, 7 tables, 2008 data. Submitted to
Phys. Rev. C Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for
this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at
http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm
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