70 research outputs found
Bench Measurements and Simulations of Beam Coupling Impedance
After a general introduction, the basic principles of wake-field and
beamcoupling- impedance computations are explained. This includes time domain,
frequency domain, and methods that do not include excitations by means of a
particle beam. The second part of this paper deals with radio frequency bench
measurements of beam coupling impedances. The general procedure of the wire
measurement is explained, and its features and limitations are discussed.Comment: presented at the Proceedings of the CAS-CERN Accelerator School on
Intensity Limitation in Particle Beams, Geneva, Switzerland -2-11 November
201
Analytic Modeling, Simulation and Interpretation of Broadband Beam Coupling Impedance Bench Measurements
In the first part of the paper a generalized theoretical approach towards
beam coupling impedances and stretched-wire measurements is introduced. Applied
to a circular symmetric setup, this approach allows to estimate the systematic
measurement error due to the presence of the wire. Further, the interaction of
the beam or the TEM wave, respectively, with dispersive material such as
ferrite is discussed. The dependence of the obtained impedances on the
relativistic velocity is investigated and found as material property
dependent. The conversion formulas for the TEM scattering parameters from
measurements to impedances are compared with each other and the analytical
impedance solution. In the second part of the paper the measurements are
compared to numerical simulations of wakefields and scattering parameters. In
practice, the measurements have been performed for the circularly symmetric
example setup. The optimization of the measurement process is discussed. The
paper concludes with a summary of systematic and statistic error sources for
impedance bench measurements and their diminishment strategy
Beam Dynamics Analysis of Dielectric Laser Acceleration using a Fast 6D Tracking Scheme
A six-dimensional symplectic tracking approach exploiting the periodicity
properties of Dielectric Laser Acceleration (DLA) gratings is presented. The
longitudinal kick is obtained from the spatial Fourier harmonics of the laser
field within the structure, and the transverse kicks are obtained using the
Panofsky-Wenzel theorem. Additionally to the usual, strictly longitudinally
periodic gratings, our approach is also applicable to periodicity chirped
(sub-relativistic) and tilted (deflection) gratings. In the limit of small
kicks and short periods we obtain the 6D Hamiltonian, which allows, for
example, to obtain matched beam distributions in DLAs. The scheme is applied to
beam and grating parameters similar to recently performed experiments. The
paper concludes with an outlook to laser based focusing schemes, which are
promising to overcome fundamental interaction length limitations, in order to
build an entire microchip-sized laser driven accelerator
Non-trivial \theta-Vacuum Effects in the 2-d O(3) Model
We study \theta-vacua in the 2-d lattice O(3) model using the standard action
and an optimized constraint action with very small cut-off effects, combined
with the geometric topological charge. Remarkably, dislocation lattice
artifacts do not spoil the non-trivial continuum limit at \theta\ non-zero, and
there are different continuum theories for each value of \theta. A very precise
Monte Carlo study of the step scaling function indirectly confirms the exact
S-matrix of the 2-d O(3) model at \theta = \pi.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Study of theta-Vacua in the 2-d O(3) Model
We investigate the continuum limit of the step scaling function in the 2-d
O(3) model with different theta-vacua. Since we find a different continuum
value of the step scaling function for each value of theta, we can conclude
that theta indeed is a relevant parameter of the theory and does not get
renormalized non-perturbatively. Furthermore, we confirm the result of the
conjectured exact S-matrix theory, which predicts the continuum value at theta
= pi. To obtain high precision data, we use a modified Hasenbusch improved
estimator and an action with an optimized constraint, which has very small
cut-off effects. The optimized constraint action combines the standard action
of the 2-d O(3) model with a topological action. The topological action
constrains the angle between neighboring spins and is therefore invariant
against small deformations of the field.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, The 30 International Symposium on Lattice Field
Theory - Lattice 2012, June 24-29, 2012, Cairns, Australi
Towards a perfect fixed point action for SU(3) gauge theory
We present an overview of the construction and testing of actions for SU(3)
gauge theory which are approximate fixed points of renormalization group
equations (at ). Such actions are candidates for use
in numerical simulations on coarse lattices.Comment: 6 pages, uuencoded compressed postscript file, contribution to LAT9
Electron Beam Dynamics in Dielectric Laser Accelerators
Dielectric Laser Acceleration (DLA) is a nascent scheme of electron acceleration, which
is particularly promising due to its high acceleration gradients. Although these gradients
are lower than what is obtained in plasma-based schemes, they are the highest
in structure based schemes, which are limited by material breakdown. DLAs can be
implemented on microchips, leveraging on the nano-technology available in the semiconductor
industry. This work aims to tackle the electron beam dynamics in DLAs
systematically, with the goal to turn the already experimentally demonstrated record
gradients into large energy gain. In other words, the goal is to increase the length of
the acceleration channels while keeping a full 6D (3 coordinates and 3 momenta) confinement
of the electron beam. This is particularly challenging, since DLAs are based
on optical near-fields, requiring the transversal size of the channel to be tiny, down to a
tenth of the laser wavelength at subrelativistic electron energies.
In order to keep the electron beam in this nanophotonic channel, enormous focusing
strengths are required. Conventional techniques, usually involving solenoid- or
quadrupole magnets, are too weak, since their aperture cannot be de-magnified in the
same ratio as the DLA cells are de-magnified compared to conventional radiofrequency
(RF) accelerator cavities. The solution to this problem is brought up in this work. It
borrows from the Alternating Phase Focusing (APF) scheme as introduced for heavy ion
accelerators in the 1950â. APF uses the laser fields themselves to focus the electron
beam and thereby enables to omit external focusing devices entirely. While only a small
amount of the large available acceleration gradient is sacrificed, full 6D confinement
is obtained in length scalable strucures. Thus in principle arbitrary high energy can be
obtained provided the required laser parameters are available.
This work comprises two parts: A theoretical one introducing the DLA structures and
a semi-analytic highly numerically efficient simulation approach named DLAtrack6D.
From this approach, the Hamiltonian and the entire dynamics in DLAs is derived. This
leads to the recipe to design scalable APF DLA structures, especially suitable for fabrication
on Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) wafers, which are very common in commercial
nanophotonics. More conventional structures are also created on the basis of pure silicon
technology. These devices are also experimentally investigated in the second part of
this work, where simulations and experimental results are matched. The requirements
and experimental achievements of subrelativistic DLAs in ultralow-emittance injector
chambers are discussed.
While low energy DLAs mostly aim at ultrafast (attosecond!) dynamics, high energy
DLAs particularly exploit the available high acceleration gradient, in order to provide
high energy electrons in small scale facilites. Furthermore DLA devices can also be used as a versatile bunch-shaping tool in large-scale, high-energy conventional accelerator
facilities. For that purpose, the beam current limit as being imposed by wakefields due
to the structure surfaces that come very close to the beam is investigated. Our semianalytic
tracking code DLAtrack6D is supplemented with a wakefield module to assess
collective effects and coherent beam instabilities. Moreover, the wakefields of DLAs can
also be used in beneficial ways to shape the longitudinal phase space in high energy
conventional accelerator facilites.
Application goals for DLA are Ultrafast Electron-Microscopy and -Diffraction (UEM/
UED) at boosted energy and on a longer time scale the high acceleration gradients can
be exploited for a high energy electron-positron collider for elementary particle physics.
High energy ultrashort electron pulses can also be used for radiation generation, potentially
in DLA-based microchip undulators. Another imaginable goal would be to
accumulate electrons from a continuously running DLA injector in a storage ring. All these applications require a length scalable DLA and stable 6D-confined electron beam
dynamics therein
Design Study of a Dielectric Laser Undulator
Dielectric laser acceleration (DLA) achieves remarkable gradients from the
optical near fields of a grating structure. Tilting the dielectric grating with
respect to the electron beam leads to deflection forces and the DLA structure
can be utilized as a microchip undulator. We investigate the beam dynamics in
such structures analytically and by numerical simulations. A crucial challenge
is to keep the beam focused, especially in direction of the narrow channel. An
alternating phase focusing scheme is optimized for this purpose and matched
lattice functions are obtained. We distinguish synchronous operation with phase
jumps in the grating and asynchronous operation with a strictly periodic
grating and well-designed synchronicity mismatch. Especially the asynchronous
DLA undulator is a promising approach, since a simple, commercially available
grating suffices for the focusing lattice design. We pave the way towards
experiments of radiation generation in these structures and provide estimates
of the emitted radiation wavelength and power. The analytical models are
validated by numerical simulations in the dedicated DLA simulation tool
DLAtrack6D and Astra, where the underlying laser fields are computed by CST
Studio
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