O meio urbano e os impactos sobre a fauna silvestre : estudo retrospectivo da fauna recebida no Zoológico Municipal de Canoas - RS

A antropização é uma das principais causas de alterações ambientais. A expansão de áreas urbanas destroi e fragmenta habitats, causando um aumento em interações indesejáveis entre a população humana e a fauna silvestre local. Esse processo ameaça não apenas a fauna silvestre, mas também a saúde pública, uma vez que promove um novo meio para intercâmbio de patógenos. O desenvolvimento urbano em Canoas, uma cidade localizada na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, tem causado impacto na fauna silvestre local, como observado pelo aumento do número de animais recebidos no Zoológico Municipal de Canoas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar os dados do Zoológico entre 2014 e 2016 a fim de identificar as principais espécies recebidas, de quais regiões do município os animais foram resgatadas, por quem, em que condições chegam e em que fase de desenvolvimento, em quais tipos de conflitos estavam envolvidos e qual foi sua destinação final. O número total de animais recebidos durante os três anos analisados neste trabalho foi de 1.886 indivíduos. Os resultados mostram que as aves foram a classe de animais mais recebidos no Zoológico (n = 1160; 61,5%). A maioria dos animais era sexualmente imatura (n = 1031; 54,7%) e encaminhados ao Zoológico pela população (n = 1574; 83,4%). O tipo mais comum de conflito envolve animais órfãos ou que caíram dos ninhos (n = 736; 39%). Grande parte dos animais não apresentava sinais aparentes de trauma ou doença no momento do recebimento (n = 1001; 53%). Óbitos e relocação à natureza representaram a vasta maioria de destinações, totalizando 44,3% (n = 835) e 42,7% (n = 806), respectivamente. Esses resultados estão de acordo com trabalhos que analisaram dados de outros Estados do Brasil, apesar dos contextos serem bastante distintos. Faz-se necessário salientar que entre os animais recebidos no Zoológico com sinais de doença, alguns estavam infectados com patógenos de potencial zoonótico conhecido. Considerando-se que aproximadamente 75% das infecções humanas atualmente conhecidas são causadas por agentes primariamente encontrados em animais silvestres, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são relevantes para reforçar a necessidade de estratégias de desenvolvimento mais sustentáveis e a promoção de políticas públicas que garantam a saúde da população humana, assim como a conservação da biodiversidade em ambientes antropizados.Anthropization is one of the main causes of environmental change. The expansion of urban areas destroys and fragments habitats, which causes an increase in undesirable interactions between the human population and local wildlife. This process threatens not only wild animals, but also public health by providing a new path for pathogen exchange. Urban development in Canoas, a city localized in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, has caused impact to the local wildlife, as observed by the increase in the number of animals received by the Zoológico Municipal de Canoas. The aim of this paper was to analyze data of the zoo from 2014 to 2016 in order to identify the main species received, from which regions the animals were rescued, by whom, in which conditions and development phase, types of conflict and final outcomes. The total number of animals received over the three years analyzed in this study was of 1886 individuals. Results showed that birds are the main class of animals received in the zoo (n = 1160; 61.5%). The majority of animals were sexually immature (n = 1031; 54.7%), collected and brought to the zoo by the community (n = 1574; 83.4%). The most common type of conflict involved orphan juveniles and hatchlings which had fallen from nests (n = 736; 39%). A large number of animals showed no apparent trauma or disease (n = 1001; 53%). Deaths and relocations to nature represented the vast majority of outcomes, totaling 44.3% (n = 835) and 42.7% (n = 806), respectively. These results are in accordance to papers which have analyzed data from other States in Brazil, although the contexts may differ vastly. It is important to highlight that among the animals received at the zoo with signs of disease, some were infected with known zoonotic pathogens. Considering that approximately 75% of the currently known human infections are caused by agents that primarily infect wild life, the results found in this work are important to reinforce the need for more sustainable development strategies and the promotion of public policies that ensure the health of the human population as well as the conservation of biodiversity in anthropized environments

Modified Eye Evisceration in a Tropical Screech Owl (Megascops choliba)

Background: An adult owl was presented with an injury to the right eye that rendered it blind in that eye. The left eye was normal. Removal of the right eye was recommended and a modified eye evisceration was performed. No complications were observed during or after surgery. The objective of this paper is to describe the modified eye evisceration technique that was successfully used in a tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba). Case: An adult owl was presented with an injury to the right eye that rendered it blind in that eye. Two previous surgical treatments have been carried out but have not been successful. Using a portable slit-lamp (Kowa SL-15®), both eyes were examined. The left eye was normal. Upon ophthalmic examination of the right eye, the owl demonstrated blepharospasm and large central corneal ulcer. Removal of the right eye was recommended. The bird received midazolam hydrochloride [Dormire® - 1 mg/kg, IM] and ketamine hydrochloride [Ketamina® - 5 mg/kg IM] as pre-anesthetic medications. Subsequently, the bird was anesthetized with isoflurane (Isoforine®) by facemask for induction, and then maintained with isoflurane vaporized in 100% oxygen through an endotracheal tube. With the aid of a surgical microscope and microsurgery materials, a modified eye evisceration was performed. Post-operatively, the owl received meloxicam [Maxicam® - 0.5 mg/kg, IM] and tramadol hydrochloride [Cronidor® - 15 mg/kg, orally for 4 days]. The day after surgery, the owl was comfortable and its usual appetite was regained. The patient remained hospitalized for 3 weeks and was evaluated daily. The skin sutures were removed 10 days after the surgical procedure and the surgical wound had healed normally. The patient was reintroduced into the wild after 2 months. During the 6 months post-release, the bird was evaluated once a month, and no complications were observed.Discussion: Severe eye trauma and complicated corneal ulcers are common causes of eyeball removal in birds. In birds, there is a high risk of complications during enucleation. The fragility of the orbital bones makes them susceptible to trauma during the surgery. Evisceration involves the removal of the inner contents of the eye while leaving the cornea and the sclera intact. In the current case, evisceration was chosen because the eye was blind, and maintaining a blind eye would be a source of pain and infection. In the modified evisceration technique, the risk of complications is minimal compared to enucleation, mainly because surgical manipulation is minimal. In our case, the total surgery time was 20 min. Another complication reported after enucleation in birds is the possibility of disfiguring the bird because the removal of the globe disturbs the natural head balance. To avoid these complications, the use of an intraocular prosthesis after evisceration in birds has been performed. However, owls have a tubular-shaped globe with scleral ossicles. These factors could hinder or even prevent the accommodation of a cylindrical silicone prosthesis. In the present case, an intraocular prosthesis implant was never considered due to the unavailability of the prosthesis and to avoid the risk of postoperative complications that have been reported from the literature in dogs. In this case, the owl recovered well from anesthesia without complications, and no postoperative hemorrhage was observed. No signs of pain were observed during the postoperative period and the owl had already shown an appetite and fed on the first postoperative day. The previously published reports using the modified evisceration technique also demonstrated an absence of pain signs during the postoperative period

Yersiniose fatal por Yersinia enterocolitica em um zogue-zogue (Plecturocebus brunneus)

We described a case of fatal septicemic yersiniosis in a young adult brown titi monkey (Plecturocebus brunneus) which presented lethargy and severe anemia. Postmortem external assessment revealed marked dehydration and pale pink mucous membranes. The main gross findings included enlarged liver with yellow pinpoints, enlarged spleen with yellow nodules, mucosal ulcerations in the large intestine, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, and pulmonary hemorrhage. Histology revealed necrosuppurative hepatosplenitis with intralesional colonies of rodshaped gram-negative bacteria, ulcerative colitis, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, and fibrinous and hemorrhagic pneumonia. Bacterial culture and identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry confirmed the diagnosis of yersiniosis by Yersinia enterocolitica. This study indicated that yersiniosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis of death in brown titi monkeys.Descrevemos um caso de yersiniose septicêmica fatal em um zogue-zogue (Plecturocebus brunneus) jovem adulto que apresentava um quadro de letargia e anemia severa. Macroscopicamente, havia acentuada desidratação e as mucosas estavam pálidas. Notou-se hepatomegalia com múltiplos pontos amarelos e esplenomegalia com múltiplos nódulos amarelos pelo parênquima. Ainda, ulcerações da mucosa do intestino grosso, linfonodos mesentéricos aumentados e hemorragia pulmonar foram observados. A avaliação histológica revelou hepatite e esplenite necrossupurativas associadas a agregados bacterianos bacilares gram-negativos intralesionais, colite ulcerativa, hiperplasia linfoide reativa e pneumonia fibrino-hemorrágica. A cultura bacteriana e identificação através do método de espectrometria de massa por ionização e dessorção a laser assistida por matriz associada ao tempo de voo confirmou o diagnóstico de yersiniose por Yersinia enterocolitica. Este estudo demonstra que a yersiniose deve ser considerada como um diagnóstico diferencial de causa de morte em zogue-zogues

O meio urbano e os impactos sobre a fauna silvestre : estudo retrospectivo da fauna recebida no Zoológico Municipal de Canoas - RS

A antropização é uma das principais causas de alterações ambientais. A expansão de áreas urbanas destroi e fragmenta habitats, causando um aumento em interações indesejáveis entre a população humana e a fauna silvestre local. Esse processo ameaça não apenas a fauna silvestre, mas também a saúde pública, uma vez que promove um novo meio para intercâmbio de patógenos. O desenvolvimento urbano em Canoas, uma cidade localizada na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, tem causado impacto na fauna silvestre local, como observado pelo aumento do número de animais recebidos no Zoológico Municipal de Canoas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar os dados do Zoológico entre 2014 e 2016 a fim de identificar as principais espécies recebidas, de quais regiões do município os animais foram resgatadas, por quem, em que condições chegam e em que fase de desenvolvimento, em quais tipos de conflitos estavam envolvidos e qual foi sua destinação final. O número total de animais recebidos durante os três anos analisados neste trabalho foi de 1.886 indivíduos. Os resultados mostram que as aves foram a classe de animais mais recebidos no Zoológico (n = 1160; 61,5%). A maioria dos animais era sexualmente imatura (n = 1031; 54,7%) e encaminhados ao Zoológico pela população (n = 1574; 83,4%). O tipo mais comum de conflito envolve animais órfãos ou que caíram dos ninhos (n = 736; 39%). Grande parte dos animais não apresentava sinais aparentes de trauma ou doença no momento do recebimento (n = 1001; 53%). Óbitos e relocação à natureza representaram a vasta maioria de destinações, totalizando 44,3% (n = 835) e 42,7% (n = 806), respectivamente. Esses resultados estão de acordo com trabalhos que analisaram dados de outros Estados do Brasil, apesar dos contextos serem bastante distintos. Faz-se necessário salientar que entre os animais recebidos no Zoológico com sinais de doença, alguns estavam infectados com patógenos de potencial zoonótico conhecido. Considerando-se que aproximadamente 75% das infecções humanas atualmente conhecidas são causadas por agentes primariamente encontrados em animais silvestres, os resultados obtidos neste trabalho são relevantes para reforçar a necessidade de estratégias de desenvolvimento mais sustentáveis e a promoção de políticas públicas que garantam a saúde da população humana, assim como a conservação da biodiversidade em ambientes antropizados.Anthropization is one of the main causes of environmental change. The expansion of urban areas destroys and fragments habitats, which causes an increase in undesirable interactions between the human population and local wildlife. This process threatens not only wild animals, but also public health by providing a new path for pathogen exchange. Urban development in Canoas, a city localized in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, has caused impact to the local wildlife, as observed by the increase in the number of animals received by the Zoológico Municipal de Canoas. The aim of this paper was to analyze data of the zoo from 2014 to 2016 in order to identify the main species received, from which regions the animals were rescued, by whom, in which conditions and development phase, types of conflict and final outcomes. The total number of animals received over the three years analyzed in this study was of 1886 individuals. Results showed that birds are the main class of animals received in the zoo (n = 1160; 61.5%). The majority of animals were sexually immature (n = 1031; 54.7%), collected and brought to the zoo by the community (n = 1574; 83.4%). The most common type of conflict involved orphan juveniles and hatchlings which had fallen from nests (n = 736; 39%). A large number of animals showed no apparent trauma or disease (n = 1001; 53%). Deaths and relocations to nature represented the vast majority of outcomes, totaling 44.3% (n = 835) and 42.7% (n = 806), respectively. These results are in accordance to papers which have analyzed data from other States in Brazil, although the contexts may differ vastly. It is important to highlight that among the animals received at the zoo with signs of disease, some were infected with known zoonotic pathogens. Considering that approximately 75% of the currently known human infections are caused by agents that primarily infect wild life, the results found in this work are important to reinforce the need for more sustainable development strategies and the promotion of public policies that ensure the health of the human population as well as the conservation of biodiversity in anthropized environments