PELAKSANAAN UPAYA PERDAMAIAN DALAM PERKARA PERDATA STUDI KASUS PERKARA PENGADILAN NEGERI BREBES NOMOR 28/PDT.G/2019/PN BBS

Sengketa dapat terjadi dalam kehidupan masyarakat dan tidak selalu dapat diselesaikan atau diterima oleh para pihak dalam kurun waktu yang cepat. Contoh sengketa yang dapat terjadi dalam kehidupan masyarakat adalah wanprestasi atau kelalaian seseorang dalam perjanjian yang penyelesaiannya terkadang tidak dapat diselesaikan melalui proses non litigasi hingga para pihak menyelesaikan sengketa tersebut melalui pengadilan atau proses litigasi. Upaya untuk mencapai perdamaian yang sangat diperlukan dalam proses peradilan adalah mediasi. Mediasi dapat dilaksanakan di pengadilan maupun di luar pengadilan, akan tetapi dapat terjadi hal-hal yang dapat menghambat proses mediasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana proses upaya perdamaian serta hambatannya pada sengketa dalam Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Brebes Nomor 28/Pdt.G/2019/PN Bbs. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif. Data-data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini diperoleh dengan wawancara dan studi pustaka. Upaya perdamaian dilaksanakan dengan mediasi di pengadilan dan di luar pengadilan. Mediasi di pengadilan dilaksanakan sebanyak tiga kali namun para pihak tidak dapat mencapai kesepakatan perdamaian, mediasi gagal. Para pihak dapat mencapai kesepakatan perdamaian dengan melaksanakan mediasi di luar pengadilan dengan negosiasi. Hambatan pada mediasi di pengadilan adalah mediasi hanya dipandang formalitas belaka oleh para pihak atau mediator, mediator tidak berperan secara aktif dalam mendamaikan para pihak. Penggugat tidak pernah hadir selama mediasi dan proses persidangan serta kuasa hukum para pihak sulit menghubungi klien masing-masing. Hambatan mediasi di luar pengadilan adalah kuasa hukum para pihak sulit melakukan pertemuan untuk membahas isi klausula pada draf penyelesaian dan melakukan penandatanganan karena adanya perbedaan domisili serta adanya penyebaran virus covid-19 yang baru masuk ke Indonesia. Walaupun terdapat berbagai hambatan yang terjadi selama proses mediasi di pengadilan maupun luar pengadilan, pada akhirnya para pihak tetap dapat mencapai kesepakatan perdamaian yang dituangkan dalam akta perdamaia

Recycling in the management of solid waste : a study of the governance of Hong Kong's EcoPark

published_or_final_versionPolitics and Public AdministrationMasterMaster of Public Administratio

Perceptions of patient aggression in psychiatric hospitals: a qualitative study using focus groups with nurses, patients, and informal caregivers

BackgroundAggression in psychiatric hospitals has been of interest to researchers. Information on how different stakeholders perceive patient aggression remains equivocal. Even less is known about possible similarities or differences in stakeholders’ perceptions of how aggressive behaviour is understood, managed and prevented in psychiatric hospitals. We aimed to explore multiple viewpoints on patient aggression, its possible causes and outcomes, and development ideas for prevention and management.MethodsA qualitative design was adopted. The data were collected using focus group interviews. A thematic approach was used for interpretation. The data were collected on 15 adult wards in two inpatient psychiatric settings in Hong Kong. Participants were nurses working on the psychiatric inpatient wards, patients admitted to the wards, and informal caregivers visiting inpatient wards (N = 94).ResultsCommonalities between all groups were found on how patient aggression is perceived, and why it occurs. Patients and especially nurses described how patient aggression occurred with no clear reason or forewarning and how patients were physically controlled or restricted after aggressive events. Only nurses and patients expressed experiencing physical burden, while all groups considered psychological burden to be a consequence of aggression. All groups proposed that helpful attitudes among nurses, better communication, structural changes, and better self-management skills would prevent patient aggression. Risk assessment was proposed only by nurses and patients, while safety measures were proposed by nurses and informal caregivers only. The use of restrictive interventions to manage aggressive events was proposed by all groups.ConclusionsDespite the complex diversity of perspectives in different stakeholder groups regarding patient aggression, the findings highlighted that it is possible to achieve some mutual understanding of aggression in psychiatric hospitals and identify areas to be developed. Staffs’ attitudes and skills for engagement and communication with patients and informal caregivers should be improved. There is also still room to develop the therapeutic environment and culture toward meaningful activities during the treatment period.</p

Physical Restraint Events in Psychiatric Hospitals in Hong Kong: A Cohort Register Study

The need to better monitor coercion practices in psychiatric hospitals has been recognised. We aim to describe how physical restraint events occur in psychiatric hospitals and identify factors associated with physical-restraint use. A cohort register study was used. We analyzed physical restraint documents among 14 wards in two psychiatric hospitals in Hong Kong (1 July and 31 Dec. 2018). In total, 1798 incidents occurred (the rate of physical restraint event 0.43). Typically, physically restrained patients were in early middle-age, of both genders, diagnosed with schizophrenia-spectrum and other psychotic disorders, and admitted voluntarily. Alternate methods for physical restraint were reported, such as an explanation of the situation to the patients, time-out or sedation. A longer period of being physically restrained was associated with being male, aged >= 40 years, having involuntary status, and neurodevelopmental-disorder diagnosis. Our findings support a call for greater action to promote the best practices in managing patient aggression and decreasing the use of physical restraint in psychiatric wards. The reasons for the use of physical restraint, especially for those patients who are admitted to a psychiatric hospital on a voluntary basis and are diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders, needs to be better understood and analysed

Pulmonary hypertension in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

An increase in the number of preterm infants and a decrease in the gestational age at birth have resulted in an increase in the number of patients with significant bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and secondary pulmonary hypertension (PH). PH contributes significantly to the high morbidity and mortality in the BPD patients. Therefore, regular monitoring for PH by using echocardiography and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal-proBNP must be conducted in the BPD patients with greater than moderate degree to prevent PH and to ensure early treatment if PH is present. In the BPD patients with significant PH, multi-modality treatment, including treatment for correcting an underlying disease, oxygen supply, use of diverse selective pulmonary vasodilators (inhaled nitric oxide, inhaled prostacyclins, sildenafil, and endothelin-receptor antagonist) and other methods, is mandatory

Characteristics of voluntary-induced stepping response in persons with stroke compared with those of healthy young and older adults

Background: Impairment of protective steps to recover balance from external perturbation is evident after stroke. Voluntary-induced stepping response (VSR) can be used to practice protective steps by instructing an individual to voluntarily lean their whole body forward until they perceive a loss of balance and automatically induce a step. However, to improve protective stepping performance, detailed characteristics of VSR in healthy persons are required. Research question: What is the difference in VSR between healthy and persons with stroke? Methods: An observational study was conducted in 30 participants, (10 young, 10 older, and 10 persons with stroke). All participants performed VSR for 10 trials. Step length, step width, step duration, CoM position, CoM velocity, trunk-hip displacement, and strategies of response were recorded using a motion capture system and analysed using Matlab software. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA and Chi-square. Results: On average, participants with stroke had shorter step lengths and step durations than young and older adults. Step width of older adults and participants with stroke was wider than that of young adults (p<0.05). While multiple steps and losing balance were reported more frequently in participants with stroke than the others, the percentage of trials in which participants grasped the handrails was not significantly different between older adults and participants with stroke. CoM position, CoM velocity, and trunk-hip displacement at foot liftoff were significantly smaller in older adults and participants with stroke than young adults (p<0.05). Participants with stroke tended to use trunk bending rather than trunk leaning strategies to generate VSR in contrast to healthy participant. The prevalence of the trunk bending strategy was also greater in older adults than young adults. Significance: Values obtained from healthy groups can be used as guidelines to set realistic goals during VSR training to improve protective steps in patients with stroke

Effects of 4 Weeks Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Administration on Insulin Resistance of Skeletal Muscle in Rats

Purpose: Effect of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) administration on lipid storage, and its subsequent effect on insulin sensitivity have not yet been adequately examined. Thus, we investigated the effects of rhGH treatment on muscle triglyceride (TG) and ceramide content, and insulin sensitivity after 4 weeks of rhGH administration in rats. Materials and Methods: Fourteen rats were randomly assigned to two groups: rhGH injection group (GH, n = 7) and saline injection group (CON, n = 7). GH received rhGH by sub--1-1-1 cutaneous injections (130 μg·kg ·day, 6 days·week) for 4 weeks, while CON received saline injections that were equivalent in volume to GH group. Intramuscular TG and ceramide content and hepatic TG content were measured. To determine insulin sesitivity, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT

Improving Selected Chemical Properties of a Paddy Soil in Sabah Amended with Calcium Silicate: A Laboratory Incubation Study

In Malaysia, the main constraints of rice yield and productivity are infertile soils and poor management practices because these soils are characterized by low pH, low nutrient availability, low organic matter, and high exchangeable Al and Fe ions, due to high rainfall and hot temperatures. Thus, an incubation study was conducted to determine the optimum amount of calcium silicate (HmbG brand) to improve the soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable Al, available P, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of a paddy soil in Sabah, Malaysia. The Kelawat series (Typic Dystrudept) soil was incubated with calcium silicate at the application rates of 0 (T1), 1 (T2), 2 (T3), and 3 t ha̵¹ (T4) using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in triplicates for 30, 60, 90, and 120 days. The calcium silicate used significantly improved soil pH because of the release of SiO4 ⁴⁻ and Ca²⁺ ions, which neutralized and immobilized H⁺ ions. Furthermore, the neutralizing effects of the amendment impeded Al hydrolysis by up to 57.4% and this resulted in an increase in the available P in the soil by 31.26% to 50.64%. The increased availability of P in the soil was also due to the high affinity of SiO4 ⁴⁻ to desorb P from soil minerals and it is believed that SiO4 ⁴⁻ can temporarily adsorb exchangeable base cations such as K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺. Moreover, applying calcium silicate at 3 t ha¹ improved soil CEC by up to 54.84% compared to that of untreated soils (T1) because of increased pH and the number of negatively charged sites. The most suitable application rate of the calcium silicate was found to be 3 t ha⁻¹ (T4). These findings suggest that calcium silicate can improve soil productivity and agronomic efficiency in rice farming. Greenhouse and field trials are necessary to ascertain the effects of the recommended treatments of this incubation study on soil productivity, rice growth, and yield