Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and alleviation of salinity stress

Several environmental factors adversely affect plant growth and development and final yield performance of a crop. Drought, salinity, nutrient imbalances (including mineral toxicities and deficiencies) and extremes of temperature are among the major environmental constraints to crop productivity worldwide. Development of crop plants with stress tolerance, however, requires, among others, knowledge of the physiological mechanisms and genetic controls of the contributing traits at different plant developmental stages. In the past two decades,biotechnology research has provided considerable insights into the mechanism of biotic stress tolerance in plants at the molecular level. Furthermore, different abiotic stress factors may provoke osmotic stress, oxidative stress and protein denaturation in plants, which lead to similar cellular adaptive responses such as accumulation of compatible solutes, induction of stress proteins, and acceleration of reactive oxygen species scavenging systems. Recently, various methods are adapted to improve plant tolerance to salinity injury through either chemical treatments (plant hormones, minerals, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, polyamines and vitamins) or biofertilizers treatments (Asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria) or enhanced a process used naturally by plants (mycorrhiza) to minimise the movement of Na+ to the shoot. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of salt tolerance. In this review article, the discussion is restricted to the mycorrhizal symbiosis and alleviation of salinity stress

Impact of endomycorrhizal fungi and other bioinoculants on growth enhancement of Glycine max (L.) Merrill

In the present investigation, the contributions of two indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae and Acaulospora laevis), along with Trichoderma viride and Bradyrhizobium japonicum on growth parameters of Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill were investigated. The results obtained indicated the dependence of soybean on mycorrhizal symbiosis. The different growth parameters increased significantly after 120 days of inoculation in comparison to control. Among all the growth parameters studied, plant height (162±3.34), fresh shoot weight (31.26±1.45), dry shoot weight (3.52±0.05), fresh root weight (4.07±0.56), dry root weight (1.03±0.03), root length (49.0±4.47) and leaf area (32.58±1.70) were highest in the combination of G. mosseae + A. laevis + T. viride + B. japonicum but arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) spore number (95.2±3.19) and percent mycorrhizal root colonization (93.26±3.96) were maximum in single inoculation of G. mosseae. Second most effective results were observed in the plants treated with G. mosseae alone. Thus the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and other bioinoculants in rhizosphere of soybean had positive effect on the different growth parameters

India's Firewood Crisis Re-examined

Households in rural India are highly dependent on firewood as their main source of energy, partly because non-biofuels tend to be expensive. The prevailing view is therefore that, when faced with shortages of firewood in the village commons, such households, and especially the women in them, have to spend more and more time searching for firewood and eventually settle for poorer-quality biomass such as twigs, branches and dry leaves. Using data from a random sample of rural households in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, we come to very different conclusions, however. We find that households in villages with degraded forests do not spend longer hours searching for firewood, but instead switch to either using firewood from private trees or to using agricultural waste for fuel. In the long run, moreover, households respond to the firewood shortage by altering the mix of private trees on their land in favor of firewood, as opposed to fruit, trees. We find also that, Joint Forest Management, a government program initiated in the 1990s, is having a positive impact on the firewood economy.firewood crisis, time allocation, fuel switching, JFM, India

COMMON FIXED- POINT THEOREM IN NON-ARCHIMEDEAN INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY METRIC SPACE BY USING SUBCOMPATIBLE MAPS OF TYPE (α) WITH SIX MAPS

In this paper, we have generalized the result of Ferhan Sola Erduran [15] and Anupama Gupta [3] using sub compatible map of type (α) and subsequent continuity. We established a common fixed-point theorem for six maps

Does the classically chaotic Henon-Heiles oscillator exhibit quantum chaos under intense laser fields?

The quantum dynamics of an electron moving under the Henon-Heiles (HH) potential in the presence of external time-dependent (TD) laser fields of varying intensities have been studied by evolving in real time the unperturbed ground-state wave function f (x, y, t) of the HH oscillator. The TD Schrodinger equation is solved numerically and the system is allowed to generate its own wave packet. Two kinds of sensitivities, namely, sensitivity to the initial quantum state and to the Hamiltonian, are examined. The threshold intensity of the laser field for an electron moving in the HH potential to reach its continuum is identified and in this region quantum chaos has been diagnosed through a combination of various dynamical signatures such as the autocorrelation function, quantum 'phase-space' volume, 'phase-space' trajectory, distance function and overlap integral (akin to quantum fidelity or Loschmidt echo), in terms of the sensitivity towards an initial state characterized by a mixture of quantum states (wave packet) brought about by small changes in the Hamiltonian, rather than a 'pure' quantum state (a single eigenstate). The similarity between the HH potential and atoms/molecules in intense laser fields is also analyzed

BPMN to BPEL: Implementing ATM System

BPMN provides a standard graphical notation for modelling business process. BPEL is a XML based language which generate executable code from BPMN diagram. Several BPEL engines are available which execute BPEL. In this paper , an example is provided to explain how BPMN diagram is generated and then with the help of BPEL executable code is generated

Efficacy and safety of Neemint capsules in an open label single arm trial of patients with gastrointestinal disorders

 Anti-inflammatory drugs which are commonly used medication in gastrointestinal (GI) disorder worsen symptoms and increasing impend need of better treatment method for the disease. Neemint capsules composed of polyherbal formulation of neem oil and peppermint oil. We conducted this study to assess the efficacy and safety of Neemint capsules in patients with gastrointestinal disorders including irritable bowel syndrome. We conducted an open label clinical study of 15 patients (mean age, 35.2±14.26 years; 86.6% males) with two or more GI symptoms. Patients were given Neemint capsule of 500 mg (350 mg of neem oil+150 mg of peppermint oil) as per each schedule visit. The primary endpoint was change in gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS-IBS). Secondary endpoints included monitoring of AE and SAE, IBS-quality of life questionnaire and change in subject’s global assessment of symptoms. The overall GSRS score improvement was found to be 64.23%. The IBS-QOL scores also indicated 57.2% increase in the quality of life of the study subject. The mean global assessment of symptoms (diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal pain, nausea vomiting and bloating) score recorded was 0. All results were significant at p<0.05. In this study we found that Neemint capsules is highly efficacious in the treatment of IBS and GI symptoms and it is also well-tolerated and safe in study subjects (n=15) having complaints of IBS and GI disturbances.

Preterm labour and its effect on perinatal morbidity and mortality

Background: This study was performed to find out the incidence and identification of risk factors of preterm labour and also to find out the incidence of perinatal outcome in the form of morbidity and mortality.Methods: Total 720 antenatal cases with preterm labour admitted and studied in total one-year duration in UPUMS Saifai, Etawah. Out of 720 cases, 692 pregnant patients underwent preterm birth. Thorough history taking, general, systemic and obstetrical examination was done for each patient. APGAR Score and birth weights of the new borns were noted at the time of birth and they were followed up throughout the hospital stay. Incidence and perinatal morbidity and mortality of preterm births were calculated.Results: Incidence of preterm labour and births were 28.5% and 27.9% respectively. Among various causes of pre-term birth, spontaneous labour with intact membranes is the most common cause. Lack of antenatal check-up was found to be most common risk factor of preterm labour followed by infection and low socioeconomic status. Majority of the new-borns had low APGAR score (<6) in the present study. Total perinatal morbidity in the present study group was 67.2%Conclusions: We concluded that higher incidence of perinatal morbidity and mortality may be due to that the study was conducted at tertiary health care hospital which mostly receive high risk cases and majority of cases belonged to low socioeconomic group and also that the incidence of perinatal morbidity and mortality may be more in this part of country