63 research outputs found
The Effect of Differences in the Sense of Freedom on the Corresponding Differences in the Well-being of Japanese and American Populations : A study using the World Values Survey datasets
The current study examined whether differences in the sense of freedom explain the differences in the levels of well-being between Japanese and American populations across several decades (1981–2011). A series of mediation analyses were conducted on five individual waves of datasets from the World Values Survey. Meta-analyses were also employed to examine the summary indirect and total effects across waves from the country dummy variable to life satisfaction judgments via the sense of freedom. The final sample consisted of 5534 Japanese and 6176 American respondents across all study periods. The main findings were that (a) indirect effects via the sense of freedom largely contributed to the difference in life satisfaction judgments between Japan and the United States on all waves, and (b) summary effect sizes across waves estimated by meta-analyses also supported these findings, although the results showed some systematic between-wave variability in indirect and total effects. In conclusion, Japanese people exhibited lower levels of well-being across time, mainly due to their lower levels of sense of freedom compared with American people.本研究はJSPS科研費JP16J02538の助成を受けたものである。なお,本研究の一部は,日本社会心理学会第57回大会において発表した
日本人のWell-beingの低さに関する要因の検討 : 自由選択の感覚を低める日本の社会環境
内容の要約広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(心理学)Doctor of Philosophy in Psychologydoctora
Long-tail Behavior in Locomotion of Caenorhabditis elegans
The locomotion of Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits complex patterns. In
particular, the worm combines mildly curved runs and sharp turns to steer its
course. Both runs and sharp turns of various types are important components of
taxis behavior. The statistics of sharp turns have been intensively studied.
However, there have been few studies on runs, except for those on klinotaxis
(also called weathervane mechanism), in which the worm gradually curves toward
the direction with a high concentration of chemicals; this phenomenon was
discovered recently. We analyzed the data of runs by excluding sharp turns. We
show that the curving rate obeys long-tail distributions, which implies that
large curving rates are relatively frequent. This result holds true for
locomotion in environments both with and without a gradient of NaCl
concentration; it is independent of klinotaxis. We propose a phenomenological
computational model on the basis of a random walk with multiplicative noise.
The assumption of multiplicative noise posits that the fluctuation of the force
is proportional to the force exerted. The model reproduces the long-tail
property present in the experimental data.Comment: 30 pages, 11 figures, some errors were correcte
The Supersonic Project: The eccentricity and rotational support of SIGOs and DM GHOSts
A supersonic relative velocity between dark matter (DM) and baryons (the
stream velocity) at the time of recombination induces the formation of low mass
objects with anomalous properties in the early Universe. We widen the scope of
the `Supersonic Project' paper series to include objects we term Dark Matter +
Gas Halos Offset by Streaming (DM GHOSts)--diffuse, DM-enriched structures
formed because of a physical offset between the centers of mass of DM and
baryonic overdensities. We present an updated numerical investigation of DM
GHOSts and Supersonically Induced Gas Objects (SIGOs), including the effects of
molecular cooling, in high resolution hydrodynamic simulations using the AREPO
code. Supplemented by an analytical understanding of their ellipsoidal
gravitational potentials, we study the population-level properties of these
objects, characterizing their morphology, spin, radial mass, and velocity
distributions in comparison to classical structures in non-streaming regions.
The stream velocity causes deviations from sphericity in both the gas and DM
components and lends greater rotational support to the gas. Low mass ( M) objects in regions of streaming demonstrate core-like
rotation and mass profiles. Anomalies in the rotation and morphology of DM
GHOSts could represent an early Universe analogue to observed ultra-faint dwarf
galaxies with variations in DM content and unusual rotation curves.Comment: 26 pages, 20 figure
The Supersonic Project: Star Formation in Early Star Clusters without Dark Matter
The formation mechanism of globular clusters (GCs) has long been debated by
astronomers. It was recently proposed that Supersonically Induced Gas Objects
(SIGOs), which formed in the early Universe due to the supersonic relative
motion of baryons and dark matter at recombination, could be the progenitors of
early globular clusters. In order to become GCs, SIGOs must form stars
relatively efficiently despite forming outside of dark matter halos. We
investigate the potential for star formation in SIGOs using cosmological
hydrodynamic simulations, including the aforementioned relative motions of
baryons and dark matter, molecular hydrogen cooling in primordial gas clouds,
and including explicit star formation. We find that SIGOs do form stars and
that the nascent star clusters formed through this process are accreted by dark
matter halos on short timescales (a few hundreds of Myr). Thus, SIGOs may be
found as intact substructures within these halos, analogous to many present-day
GCs. From this result, we conclude that SIGOs are capable of forming star
clusters with similar properties to globular clusters in the early Universe and
we discuss their detectablity by upcoming JWST surveys.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure
The Supersonic Project: Lighting up the faint end of the JWST UV luminosity function
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is capable of probing extremely early
eras of our Universe when the supersonic relative motions between dark matter
and baryonic overdensities modulate structure formation (). We study
low-mass galaxy formation including this "stream velocity" using high
resolution AREPO hydrodynamics simulations, and present theoretical predictions
of the UV luminosity function (UVLF) and galaxy stellar mass function (GSMF)
down to extremely faint and low mass galaxies (,
. We show that, although the stream velocity
suppresses early star formation overall, it induces a short period of rapid
star formation in some larger dwarfs, leading to an enhancement in the
faint-end of the UVLF at . We demonstrate that JWST observations are
close to this enhanced regime, and propose that the UVLF may constitute an
important probe of the stream velocity at high redshift for JWST and future
observatories.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure
The Supersonic Project: Lighting Up the Faint End of the JWST UV Luminosity Function
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is capable of probing extremely early eras of our Universe, when the supersonic relative motions between dark matter and baryonic overdensities modulate structure formation (z greater than or similar to 10). We study low-mass galaxy formation, including this "stream velocity," using high-resolution AREPO hydrodynamics simulations and present theoretical predictions of the UV luminosity function (UVLF) and galaxy stellar mass function down to extremely faint and low-mass galaxies (M UV greater than or similar to -15, 104 M circle dot <= M * <= 108 M circle dot). We show that, although the stream velocity suppresses early star formation overall, it induces a short period of rapid star formation in some larger dwarfs, leading to an enhancement in the faint end of the UVLF at z = 12. We demonstrate that JWST observations are close to this enhanced regime and propose that the UVLF may constitute an important probe of the stream velocity at high redshift for JWST and future observatories
Genetic profile of sports climbing athletes from three different ethnicities
This study aimed to investigate the ACTN3 R577X, ACE I/D, CKM rs8111989, and TRHR rs7832552 genotypes in climbers and controls in three ethnicities. The study consisted of 258 climbers (Japanese, n = 100; Polish, n = 128; Russian, n = 30) and 1151 controls (Japanese: n = 332, Polish: n = 635, Russian: n = 184). Genotyping results were analyzed using the TaqMan approach in Japanese and Polish subjects and HumanOmni1-Quad Bead Chips in Russian subjects. There were no significant differences in ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphism distribution between climbers and controls in any ethnic cohort or model. The frequencies of the C allele in the CKM polymorphism and the T allele in the TRHR polymorphism were higher in climbers than in controls only in the Russian cohort (p = 0.045 and p = 0.039, respectively). The results of the meta-analysis on three cohorts showed that the frequency of XX + RX genotypes in the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was significantly higher in climbers than that in the controls (p = 0.01). The X allele of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism was associated with sport climbing status, as assessed using a meta-analysis of climbers across three different ethnicities
Is COL1A1 Gene rs1107946 Polymorphism Associated with Sport Climbing Status and Flexibility?
The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of COL1A1 rs1107946 polymorphism between sport climbers and controls from three ethnic groups (Japanese, Polish, and Russian) and investigate the effect of the COL1A1 rs1107946 polymorphism on the age-related decrease in flexibility in the general population. Study I consisted of 1929 healthy people (controls) and 218 climbers, including Japanese, Polish, and Russian participants. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the frequency of the AC genotype was higher in climbers than in the controls (p = 0.03). Study II involved 1093 healthy Japanese individuals (435 men and 658 women). Flexibility was assessed using a sit-and-reach test. There was a tendency towards association between sit-and-reach and the COL1A1 rs1107946 polymorphism (genotype: p = 0.034; dominant: p = 0.435; recessive: p = 0.035; over-dominant: p = 0.026). In addition, there was a higher negative correlation between sit-and-reach and age in the AA + CC genotype than in the AC genotype (AA + CC: r = -0.216, p < 0.001; AC: r = -0.089, p = 0.04; interaction p = 0.037). However, none of these results survived correction for multiple testing. Further studies are warranted to investigate the association between the COL1A1 gene variation and exercise-related phenotypes
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