Ulnar nerve contribution in the innervation of the triceps brachii muscle ulnar nerve to the triceps brachii

The ulnar nerve is considered the thickest terminal branch of the medial cord in the brachial plexus and most authors does not mention the possibility of this nerve emitting branches to the arm. However, some studies reported that the ulnar nerve could supply the medial head of triceps brachii muscle. The main objective in this study was identifying the presence of ulnar nerve branches in triceps brachii muscle. Sixty upper limbs of adult Brazilian corpses of both sexes were used. The estimated age was between 25 and 80 years old. Every studied piece had the nerves and their branches quantified and measured with a manual mechanic caliper. The branches were photographed and had the data registered in individual files. Were found ulnar nerve branches for all the heads of triceps brachii muscle: 1 branch (9,1%) to lateral head, 2 branches (18,1%) to long head and 8 branches (72,7%) to medial head. Thus, we can conclude that the contribution of ulnar nerve to triceps brachii muscle constitutes an important anatomical variation.Key words: Ulnar nerve; Triceps brachii muscle; Innervation

Ser estudante no ensino superior: o caso dos estudantes do 1º ano

Publicado em "Ser estudante no ensino superior: o caso dos estudantes do 1º ano". ISBN - 978-989-8525-45-1. Seminário realizado pelo Observatório dos Percursos dos Estudantes da UMinhoNota editorial: Textos selecionados a partir de comunicações apresentadas no 1º Seminário “Ser Estudante no Ensino Superior: O caso dos estudantes do 1º ano”, realizado pelo Observatório dos Percursos dos Estudantes da UMinho (Campus de Gualtar, 7 de setembro de 2015).CIEd - UID/CED/01661/201

Magnetic Coupling in the Quiet Solar Atmosphere

Three kinds of magnetic couplings in the quiet solar atmosphere are highlighted and discussed, all fundamentally connected to the Lorentz force. First the coupling of the convecting and overshooting fluid in the surface layers of the Sun with the magnetic field. Here, the plasma motion provides the dominant force, which shapes the magnetic field and drives the surface dynamo. Progress in the understanding of the horizontal magnetic field is summarized and discussed. Second, the coupling between acoustic waves and the magnetic field, in particular the phenomenon of wave conversion and wave refraction. It is described how measurements of wave travel times in the atmosphere can provide information about the topography of the wave conversion zone, i.e., the surface of equal Alfv\'en and sound speed. In quiet regions, this surface separates a highly dynamic magnetic field with fast moving magnetosonic waves and shocks around and above it from the more slowly evolving field of high-beta plasma below it. Third, the magnetic field also couples to the radiation field, which leads to radiative flux channeling and increased anisotropy in the radiation field. It is shown how faculae can be understood in terms of this effect. The article starts with an introduction to the magnetic field of the quiet Sun in the light of new results from the Hinode space observatory and with a brief survey of measurements of the turbulent magnetic field with the help of the Hanle effect.Comment: To appear in "Magnetic Coupling between the Interior and the Atmosphere of the Sun", eds. S.S. Hasan and R.J. Rutten, Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, 200

Context Factors and the Performance of Mobile Individuals in Research Teams

This article studies how workforce composition is related to a firm’s success in introducing radical innovations. Pre-vious studies have argued that teams composed of individuals with diverse backgrounds are able to perform moreinformation processing and make deeper use of the information, which is important to accomplish complex tasks.We suggest that this argument can be extended to the level of the aggregate workforce of high-technology firms. Inparticular, we argue that ethnic and higher education diversity within the workforce is associated with superior per-formance in radical innovation. Using a sample of 3,888 Swedish firms, this article demonstrates that having greaterworkforce diversity in terms of both ethnic background and educational disciplinary background is positively corre-lated to the share of a firm’s turnover generated by radical innovation. Having more external collaborations does,however, seem to reduce the importance of educational background diversity. The impact of ethnic diversity is notaffected by external collaboration. These findings hold after using alternative measures of dependent and indepen-dent variables, alternative sample sizes, and alternative estimation techniques. The research findings presented inthis article would seem to have immediate and important practical implications. They would suggest that companiesmay pursue recruitment policies inspired by greater ethnic and disciplinary diversity as a way to boost the innova-tiveness of the organ ization. From a managerial perspective, it may be conc luded tha t workforce disciplinary diver-sity could be potentially replaced by more external links, while ethnic diversity could not

Involvement of Cyr61 in growth, migration, and metastasis of prostate cancer cells

Cyr61 has been reported to participate in the development and progression of various cancers; however, its role in prostate cancer (PCa) still remains poorly understood. In this study, we explored the function of Cyr61 in a series of malignant PCa cell lines, including LnCap, Du145, and PC3. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and crystal violet assays demonstrated that Cyr61 was essential for the proliferation of PCa cells. Soft agar assay and xenograft analysis showed that downregulation of Cyr61 suppressed the tumorigenicity of Du145 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Either silencing the cellular Cyr61 by RNA interference or neutralising the endogenous Cyr61 by antibody inhibited the migration of Du145 cells. In contrast, purified protein of Cyr61 promoted the migration of LnCap cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that Cyr61 was involved in the migration of PCa cells. We also observed the accumulation of mature focal adhesion complexes associated with the impaired migration through Cyr61 downregulation. Also, further studies showed that Cyr61 regulated the level of activated Rac1 as well as its downstream targets, including phosphorylated JNK, E-cadherin, and p27kip1, which are key molecules involved in cell growth, migration, and invasion. The in vivo mouse tail vein injection experiment revealed that Cyr61 affected the metastatic capacity of Du145 cells, suggesting that Cyr61 was required for prostate tumour metastasis. Altogether, our results demonstrated that Cyr61 played an important role in the tumorigenicity and metastasis of PCa cells, which will benefit the development of therapeutic strategy for PCas