”Vain ajan kanssa voi ne säröt korjata”:adoptiovanhempien näkemyksiä kiintymyssuhteesta adoptiolapseen

Tiivistelmä. Tässä tutkielmassa on tarkoitus tarkastella adoptiovanhempien kertomuksia heidän kiintymyssuhteestaan adoptiolapseensa. Kyseessä on narratiivinen tutkimus ja aineistona toimii adoptiovanhempien kanssa toteutetut haastattelut. Haastattelut on analysoitu aineistolähtöisen sisällönanalyysin avulla. Tutkimuksessa käsitellään ensin kiintymyssuhteen määritelmää ja sen kehitystä ja sitten siirrytään keskustelemaan vanhemmuudesta, adoptiovanhemmuudesta sekä kasvatustyyleistä sekä sanoittamaan vanhemmuuden sekä kiintymyssuhteen yhteyttä. Aineistolähtöisen sisällönanalyysin avulla nostetaan esiin ne seikat, jotka määrittelevät adoptiovanhempien kiintymyssuhdetta adoptiolapsiin. Kiintymyssuhteella on merkittävä vaikutus lapsen kokonaisvaltaiselle kehitykselle. Turvallinen kiintymyssuhde on seurausta ensisijaisen hoitajan sensitiivisyydestä sekä responsiivisuudesta lapsen tarpeita kohtaan. Kiintymyssuhdemallien on ajateltu pysyvän yksilön mukana koko tämän elämän ajan ja siten myös aikuisten kiintymyssuhdemalleja on pyritty tutkimaan. Vanhemmat, joilla on taustallaan turvallinen kiintymyssuhde, ovat yleensä sensitiivisempiä sekä responsiivisempia lapsiaan kohtaan ja täten myös heidän lapsillaan on todennäköisemmin turvallinen kiintymyssuhde. He myös ennemmin valitsevat autoritatiivisen, eli lämpimän kasvatustyylin. Siksi vanhemman kiintymyssuhteella on merkitystä lapsi-vanhempi suhteelle. Aineistolähtöisen sisällönanalyysin perusteella vanhemmat kertoivat keskeisiksi tekijöiksi kiintymyssuhteessaan lapseensa viisi eri teemaa: lasten aiemmat hylkäämiskokemukset ja niiden merkitys lapsi-vanhempi suhteelle, turvallisuuden merkitys suhteessa, suhteen vahvistuminen yhteisen ajan ja kokemusten myötä, halu olla perhe yhdessä sekä lapsen tarpeiden ymmärtäminen. Vanhemmat tiedostivat lastensa aiemmat kokemukset instituutio-oloissa sekä hylkäämiskokemukset ja niiden merkityksellisyyden heidän suhteelleen. Tästä johtuen he korostivat turvallisuutta sekä luottamusta muodostaessaan kiintymyssuhdetta lapseensa. Vanhemmat olivat tehneet tietoisen päätöksen hakeutua adoptioprosessiin ja tulla perheeksi ja he pitivät tärkeänä viettää aikaa lapsensa kanssa ja sitä kautta tutustua häneen. Ajan kautta he uskoivat myös oppivansa tuntemaan lapsensa paremmin ja pystyivät vastaamaan lapsensa tarpeisiin välittömämmin. Lapsen aiempien hylkäämiskokemusten merkitys, erityisesti deprivaatio eli hoivan puute, vaikutti lapsi-vanhempi suhteeseen. Vanhempien oma kiintymyssuhdetausta korostui tuloksissa, sillä he olivat sensitiivisiä lapsiaan kohtaan ja vastasivat heidän tarpeisiinsa nopeasti, ilman kehotusta. Kasvatuksessa he vaikuttivat suosivan autoritatiivista kasvatustyyliä, eli lämmintä vuorovaikutussuhdetta lapseensa.Adoptive parents’ narratives on the attachment between them and their adopted child. Abstract. The goal of this master’s thesis is to explore the narratives of adoptive parents related to the attachment between them and their adopted children. This research uses a narrative approach and is based on the interviews conducted with four adoptive parents. The interviews have been analyzed using data-based content analysis. First, the research concentrates on attachment as understood by Harry Harlow, John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, all of whom have contributed significantly to the creation of the term. After that, the focus is drawn on parenting, adoptive parenting and parenting styles where it shifts to discuss the connections between attachment and parenting. Data-based content analysis is used to analyze the parents’ narratives in order to bring out the factors that determine the attachment between adoptive parents and their children. Attachment has considerable effects on the child’s overall well-being. Secure attachment is achieved when the parent responds to the child’s need sensitively and effectively. Considering that the patterns of attachment secured in the early childhood are thought to stay with a person through one’s whole life, adult attachment has also been researched. Parents, who have a secure attachment, are more responsive and sensitive towards their children, which in turn helps the child to ensure a secure attachment to them. Secure parents are also more likely to choose authoritative, warm parenting styles when raising their child. With the help of the content analysis, five major themes rose from the interviews with the parents: the effects of the child’s early abandonment experiences to parent-child relationship, the emphasis of security, strengthening the bond with the help of time and shared experiences, the desire to be a family and understanding the needs of the child. Parents were aware of the effects the child’s early experiences in the institution might have had on him and understood how these effects could be seen in their relationship. Due to this, they emphasized security and trust in their interviews. Parents had made a conscious decision to adopt and it was important to them to spend time with their children and to be a family together. With time, they understood their child better and were able to answer to her needs. Child’s early experiences, especially deprivation during the time in the institution, influenced the child-parent relationship. Parents’ secure attachment contributed significantly to the relationship, because they were able to be more responsive and sensitive towards their child. They also endorsed authoritative parenting and therefore had a warm relationship with their child

Discriminative learning of Bayesian networks via factorized conditional log-likelihood

We propose an efficient and parameter-free scoring criterion, the factorized conditional log-likelihood (ˆfCLL), for learning Bayesian network classifiers. The proposed score is an approximation of the conditional log-likelihood criterion. The approximation is devised in order to guarantee decomposability over the network structure, as well as efficient estimation of the optimal parameters, achieving the same time and space complexity as the traditional log-likelihood scoring criterion. The resulting criterion has an information-theoretic interpretation based on interaction information, which exhibits its discriminative nature. To evaluate the performance of the proposed criterion, we present an empirical comparison with state-of-the-art classifiers. Results on a large suite of benchmark data sets from the UCI repository show that ˆfCLL-trained classifiers achieve at least as good accuracy as the best compared classifiers, using significantly less computational resources.Peer reviewe

Search for heavy resonances decaying to Z(ν¯ν)V(q¯q′) in proton-proton collisions at √s=13 TeV

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 CERN.A search is presented for heavy bosons decaying to Z(ν¯ν)V(q¯q′), where V can be a W or a Z boson. A sample of proton-proton collision data at √s=13  TeV was collected by the CMS experiment during 2016–2018. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 137  fb−1. The event categorization is based on the presence of high-momentum jets in the forward region to identify production through weak vector boson fusion. Additional categorization uses jet substructure techniques and the presence of large missing transverse momentum to identify W and Z bosons decaying to quarks and neutrinos, respectively. The dominant standard model backgrounds are estimated using data taken from control regions. The results are interpreted in terms of radion, W′ boson, and graviton models, under the assumption that these bosons are produced via gluon-gluon fusion, Drell–Yan, or weak vector boson fusion processes. No evidence is found for physics beyond the standard model. Upper limits are set at 95% confidence level on various types of hypothetical new bosons. Observed (expected) exclusion limits on the masses of these bosons range from 1.2 to 4.0 (1.1 to 3.7) TeV.Peer reviewe

Negotiating care in the context of Finnish and Italian elder care policies

Negotiation is an integral part of all elder care, which by definition involves a relation between at least two people. In this article we analyse negotiations concerning elder care in the context of Finnish and Italian elder care policies. At the macro level negotiations on elder care are shaped by elder care policies and at the micro level by individual skills and resources. Our focus is on the negotiations on eligibility that take place when elders attempt to access care. The data consist of qualitative interviews with Finnish and Italian elders in need of care. The analysis of individual experiences of care negotiations reflects the implementation of elder care policies. The results indicate that the most negotiated eligibility criteria when seeking access to elder care are need, money and social relations. These criteria are negotiated when seeking eligibility to different sources of care: informal care, grey market, market-based, non-profit and public services. In Italy, negotiation is particularly crucial when accessing grey market care. Cash as the main Italian elder care policy tool tends to enhance the role of and need for negotiation. In Finland, a greater part of elder care is provided by the public sector and therefore the process of negotiation is more standardized than in Italy

Knee complaints and consequences on work status; a 10-year follow-up survey among floor layers and graphic designers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The purpose of the study was to examine if knee complaints among floor layers predict exclusion from the trade.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In 1994/95 self-reported data were obtained from a cohort of floor layers and graphic designers with and without knee straining work activities, respectively. At follow-up in 2005 the questionnaire survey was repeated. The study population consisted of 81 floor layers and 173 graphic designers who were presently working in their trades at baseline (1995). All participants were men aged 36–70 years in 2005.</p> <p>We computed the risk of losing gainful employment in the trade according to occurrence of knee complaints at baseline, using Cox proportional hazard regression adjusted for a number of potential confounding variables. Moreover, the crude and adjusted odds risk ratio for knee complaints according to status of employment in the trade were computed, using graphic designers as reference.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A positive but non-significant association between knee complaints lasting more than 30 days the past 12 months and exclusion from the trade was found among floor layers (Hazard Ratio = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.6–3.5).</p> <p>The frequency of self-reported knee complaints was lower among floor layers presently at work in the trade in year 2005 (26.3%) compared with baseline in 1995 (41.1%), while the opposite tendency was seen among graphic designers (20.7% vs. 10.7%).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The study suggests that knee complaints are a risk factor for premature exclusion from a knee demanding trade. However, low power of the study precludes strong conclusions. The study also indicates a healthy worker effect among floor layers and a survivor effect among graphic designers.</p

Somatic mTOR mutation in clonally expanded T lymphocytes associated with chronic graft versus host disease

Graft versus host disease (GvHD) is the main complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Here we report studies of a patient with chronic GvHD (cGvHD) carrying persistent CD4(+) T cell clonal expansion harboring somatic mTOR, NFKB2, and TLR2 mutations. In the screening cohort (n=134), we detect the mTOR P2229R kinase domain mutation in two additional cGvHD patients, but not in healthy or HSCT patients without cGvHD. Functional analyses of the mTOR mutation indicate a gain-of-function alteration and activation of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling pathways, leading to increased cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. Single-cell RNA sequencing and real-time impedance measurements support increased cytotoxicity of mutated CD4(+) T cells. High throughput drug-sensitivity testing suggests that mutations induce resistance to mTOR inhibitors, but increase sensitivity for HSP90 inhibitors. Our findings imply that somatic mutations may contribute to aberrant T cell proliferations and persistent immune activation in cGvHD, thereby paving the way for targeted therapies. Chronic graft versus host disease (cGvHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Here the authors identify a recurrent activating mTOR mutation in expanded donor T-cell clones of 3 cGvHD patients, which suggests somatic mutations may contribute to GvHD pathogenesis and opens avenues to targeted therapies.Peer reviewe

Search for new particles in an extended Higgs sector with four b quarks in the final state at s=13TeV

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s)A search for a massive resonance X decaying to a pair of spin-0 bosons ϕ that themselves decay to pairs of bottom quarks, is presented. The analysis is restricted to the mass ranges mϕ from 25 to 100 GeV and mX from 1 to 3 TeV. For these mass ranges, the decay products of each ϕ boson are expected to merge into a single large-radius jet. Jet substructure and flavor identification techniques are used to identify these jets. The search is based on CERN LHC proton-proton collision data at s=13TeV, collected with the CMS detector in 2016–2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138fb−1. Model-specific limits, where the two new particles arise from an extended Higgs sector, are set on the product of the production cross section and branching fraction for X→ϕϕ→(bb‾)(bb‾) as a function of the resonances' masses, where both the X→ϕϕ and ϕ→bb‾ branching fractions are assumed to be 100%. These limits are the first of their kind on this process, ranging between 30 and 1 fb at 95% confidence level for the considered mass ranges.Peer reviewe

Search for charged-lepton flavor violation in top quark production and decay in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV

Results are presented from a search for charged-lepton flavor violating (CLFV) interactions in top quark production and decay in pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The events are required to contain one oppositely charged electron-muon pair in the final state, along with at least one jet identified as originating from a bottom quark. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb(-1), collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. This analysis includes both the production (q -> e mu t) and decay (t -> e mu q) modes of the top quark through CLFV interactions, with q referring to a u or c quark. These interactions are parametrized using an effective field theory approach. With no significant excess over the standard model expectation, the results are interpreted in terms of vector-, scalar-, and tensor-like CLFV four-fermion effective interactions. Finally, observed exclusion limits are set at 95% confidence levels on the respective branching fractions of a top quark to an e mu pair and an up (charm) quark of 0.13 x 10(-6) (1.31 x 10(-6)), 0.07 x 10(-6) (0.89 x 10(-6)), and 0.25 x 10(-6) (2.59 x 10(-6)) for vector, scalar, and tensor CLFV interactions, respectively.Peer reviewe

Search for long-lived particles decaying into muon pairs in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV collected with a dedicated high-rate data stream

A search for long-lived particles decaying into muon pairs is performed using proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2017 and 2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb(-1). The data sets used in this search were collected with a dedicated dimuon trigger stream with low transverse momentum thresholds, recorded at high rate by retaining a reduced amount of information, in order to explore otherwise inaccessible phase space at low dimuon mass and nonzero displacement from the primary interaction vertex. No significant excess of events beyond the standard model expectation is found. Upper limits on branching fractions at 95% confidence level are set on a wide range of mass and lifetime hypotheses in beyond the standard model frameworks with the Higgs boson decaying into a pair of long-lived dark photons, or with a long-lived scalar resonance arising from a decay of a b hadron. The limits are the most stringent to date for substantial regions of the parameter space. These results can be also used to constrain models of displaced dimuons that are not explicitly considered in this paper.Peer reviewe