Ecotoxicity Study of Amino Acid Ionic Liquids Towards Danio Rerio Fish: Effect of Cations

AbstractSix Ionic Liquids (ILs) were prepared based on phosphonium, ammonium and choline cations, with two types of amino acids specifically taurine and phenylalanine as anions. Good yields were obtained in the synthesis of the ILs. The toxicity of the synthesized ILs was checked against the Danio rerio fish (OECD 203). All six tested Amino Acid Ionic Liquids (AAILs) shows remarkably low toxicity towards Danio rerio fish

Antileukemic activity of extracts and constituents of Aegle marmelos

Phytochemicals study of various parts of Aegle marmelos (leaves, stem bark and roots) have afforded eleven compounds; hopane and lupane triterpenes including zeorin (1), dustanin (2) also epilupeol (3) and lupenone (4); alkaloids aegeline (5) and skimmianine (6); coumarin derivatives; auraptene (7), epoxyauraptene (8) and marmin (9) together with β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. All crude extracts and isolated compounds were examined for their antileukemic activity against CEM-SS (human T-lymphoblastic leukemia) cancer cells using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Roots extracts exhibited significant cytotoxicity while leaves and stem bark extracts were inactive. Hopane triterpenes; zeorin (1) and dustanin (2) as well as alkaloid aegeline (5) isolated from leaves exhibited moderate to strong cytotoxicity with dustanin (2) as the most active constituent (IC50 : 5.3±0.24 μg/mL). Lupane triterpenes; epilupeol (3) and lupenone (4), in addition of coumarin derivative; marmin (9) isolated from stem bark also demonstrated moderate to strong cytotoxicity with epilupeol (3) showed significant activity (IC50 : 6.1±0.20 μg/mL). The chemical constituents isolated from roots were inactive except for epilupeol (3) and marmin (9) which have also been isolated from stem bark

Evaluation of biological activities of Alpinia mutica Roxb. and its chemical constituents

Phytochemicals investigation on rhizomes of Alpinia mutica has afforded five compounds namely 5,6-dehydrokawain (1), flavokawin B (2), pinostrobin (3) and pinocembrin (4) together with β-sitosterol (5). All crude extracts of the plant demonstrated strong cytotoxicity against CEMss (human T4 lymphoblastoid) cancer cells with IC50 values less than 19 µg/mL, while flavokawin B (2) was the most cytotoxic isolate with IC50 value 1.86±0.37 µg/mL. Most of the crude extracts and isolated compounds showed weak activity in antimicrobial and diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity tests

Phytochemical and biological activities of Alpinia mutica, Beosenbergia armeniaca (Zingiberaceae) and Aglaia variisquama (Meliaceae)

Phytochemical study on the rhizomes of Alpinia mutica afforded four compounds; a kavalactone, 5,6-dehydrokawain (6) as a major constituent and the flavonoids; flavokawin B (12), pinostrobin (33) and pinocembrin (9) together with β-sitosterol (14) while, isolation work on the rhizome extracts of Boesenbergia armeniaca afforded two pyrone compounds; 6-aryl-4-methoxy-2-pyrone (93) and 6-cis-styryl-4-methoxy-2-pyrone (94). Compounds (93) and (94) were new to the species and this is a first report on their structural elucidation using 2D NMR spectroscopy. Similar work on the leaves of Aglaia variisquama yielded two triterpene compounds; lupenone (95) and lupeol (96) together with β-sitosterol (14) and this is a first report on phytochemicals of the leaves of A. variisquama. The crude hexane and chloroform extracts of the rhizomes of A. mutica showed significant cytotoxicity against HT-29 (human colon) cancer cells with IC50 values less than 15 μg/mL. The crude hexane extract also showed significant cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 (human breast) cancer cells with an IC50 value of 16.10 μg/mL. Flavokawin B (12) was the most cytotoxic constituent against HT-29 and MCF-7 cancer cells with an IC50 value of 4.68 μg/mL and 5.18 μg/mL, respectively. Besides, compounds (6), (33) and (9) also showed significant cytotoxicity against HT-29 and MCF-7 cancer cells with an IC50 value ranging from 6 to 13 μg/mL, except for pinocembrin (9) which exhibited weak cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of the isolates of the rhizomes of A. mutica against human cancer cell lines using MTT assay is firstly reported here. All the rhizome extracts of B. armeniaca demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against HeLa (human cervical) cancer cells with an IC50 value ranging from 16 to 18 μg/mL, except for the methanol extract which was inactive. The crude ethyl acetate extract was the most cytotoxic against MCF-7 cancer cells with an IC50 value of 1.10 μg/mL. Moreover, compounds (93) and (94) showed significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cancer cells with an IC50 value of 16.70 μg/mL and 14.10 μg/mL, respectively. All the crude extracts of the leaves of A. variisquama showed significant cytotoxicity against HeLa cancer cells with IC50 values less than 15 μg/mL while, its methanol extract exhibited weak cytotoxicity. Here, the cytotoxic activities of compounds (93) and (94) as well as the crude extracts of the leaves of A. variisquama against human cancer cells are firstly reported

Studies on the chemical compositions and biological activities of essential oils of boesenbergia spp

The use of plants, plant extracts and plant-derived chemicals in the treatment of diseases, foods supplement and cosmetics is firmly rooted in the past and are still developing. Many drugs used in contemporary medicine have been derived from plants and were originally discovered through the traditional use by indigenous people

Chemical constituents and bioactivities of two boesenbergia species (Zingiberaceae).

Isolation work on rhizomes of b.rotunda has afforded six flavonoid derivatives; pinostrobin, pinocembrin, alpinetin, sakuranetin, cardamonin and boesenbergin. A. while isolation towards B. armeniaca has led to the isolation of two pyrones; 6-aryl-4-methoxy-2-pyrone and 6-cis-styryl-4-methoxy-2-pyrone

Cytotoxic constituents of Clausena excavata

Phytochemical investigation on leaves, stem bark and roots of Malaysian Clausena excavata has led to the isolation and identification of limonoid compounds, clausenolide-1-methyl ether (1) and clausenarin (2), carbazole alkaloids, 3-formyl-2,7-dimethoxycarbazole (3) and clausine-K (4) together with coumarins, xanthyletin (5), dentatin (6) and nordentatin (7). Extracts of roots and isolated compounds (1), (2), (5) and (6) were subjected to cytotoxic screening against various cancer cell lines (HL-60, MCF- 7, HeLa and HT-29). All roots extracts except methanol showed strong activity against HL-60 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines with IC 50 values ranging from 4 to 6 μg/ml. Dentatin (6) was found to be the most cytotoxic constituent against all cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 5 to 10 μg/ml