Challenges Students Face during Translation

Translation dates back to centuries. Humans started to translate since the appearance of the written literature. It was the main means to be introduced to foreign culture, literature, achievements in different fields of science. What is translation? There are different answers to this question. Translation is understood as the communication of meaning from one language (the source) to another language (the target), or as the transmittal of written text from one language into another. The terms translation and interpretation are often used interchangeably, with translation referring to the written language and interpretation to the spoken word. Translation is viewed as a process and a product. The article looks at some challenges Georgian students face in the course “Theory and Practice of Translation”

Land use and soil characteristics affect soil organisms differently from above-ground assemblages

Background: Land-use is a major driver of changes in biodiversity worldwide, but studies have overwhelmingly focused on above-ground taxa: the effects on soil biodiversity are less well known, despite the importance of soil organisms in ecosystem functioning. We modelled data from a global biodiversity database to compare how the abundance of soil-dwelling and above-ground organisms responded to land use and soil properties. Results: We found that land use affects overall abundance differently in soil and above-ground assemblages. The abundance of soil organisms was markedly lower in cropland and plantation habitats than in primary vegetation and pasture. Soil properties influenced the abundance of soil biota in ways that differed among land uses, suggesting they shape both abundance and its response to land use. Conclusions: Our results caution against assuming models or indicators derived from above-ground data can apply to soil assemblages and highlight the potential value of incorporating soil properties into biodiversity models.Natural Environment Research Council (NERC): NE/L002515/1 and NE/M014533/1. European Union funding: 81794

Simkinia tianschanica Krivolutsky 1971

<p> <b> <i>Simkinia tianschanica</i> Krivolutsky, 1971</b> </p> <p> <b>Distribution in Georgia.</b> W: Zagori pass; E: Tbilisi, Gardabani, Kavtiskhevi (Murvanidze & Todria 2015; Shtanchaeva & Subías 2010)</p> <p> <b>Global distribution.</b> Palaearctic</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> Mountain forest soils</p>Published as part of <i>Murvanidze, Maka & Mumladze, Levan, 2016, Annotated checklist of Georgian oribatid mites, pp. 1-81 in Zootaxa 4089 (1)</i> on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4089.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/257567">http://zenodo.org/record/257567</a&gt

Coronoquadroppia media

<p> <b> <i>Coronoquadroppia media</i> (Gordeeva, 1983)</b> </p> <p> <b>Syn.:</b> <i>Quadroppia media</i> Gordeeva, 1983 <i>sensu</i> Karppinen <i>et al.</i> 1987, Murvanidze & Mumladze 2014, Shtanchaeva & Subías 2010; <i>Quadroppia (Coronoquadroppia) media</i> Gordeeva, 1983 <i>sensu</i> Murvanidze 2014</p> <p> <b>Distribution in Georgia.</b> W: Ritsa Reserve, Banguriani, Mtirala National Park, Darkveti, Itkhvisi, Sairme, Borjomi gorge; E: Tbilisi, Kazreti (Murvanidze <i>et al</i>. 2013, 2015; Murvanidze 2014; Murvanidze & Mumladze 2014; Shtanchaeva & Subías 2010)</p> <p> <b>Global distribution.</b> Mediterranean</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> Forest soils</p>Published as part of <i>Murvanidze, Maka & Mumladze, Levan, 2016, Annotated checklist of Georgian oribatid mites, pp. 1-81 in Zootaxa 4089 (1)</i> on page 50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4089.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/257567">http://zenodo.org/record/257567</a&gt

Scheloribates longus

<p> <b> <i>Scheloribates longus</i> (Kulijev, 1968)</b> </p> <p> <b>Distribution in Georgia.</b> W: Ritsa Reserve, Churia; E: Tsaghveri, Tsemi, Tbilisi, Kavtiskhevi (Murvanidze & Todria 2015; Shtanchaeva & Subías 2010)</p> <p> <b>Global distribution.</b> Palaearctic</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> Dry and humid forest soils, wetlands</p>Published as part of <i>Murvanidze, Maka & Mumladze, Levan, 2016, Annotated checklist of Georgian oribatid mites, pp. 1-81 in Zootaxa 4089 (1)</i> on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4089.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/257567">http://zenodo.org/record/257567</a&gt

Punctoribates sphaericus Shaldybina 1987

<p> <b> <i>Punctoribates sphaericus</i> Shaldybina, 1987</b> </p> <p> <b>Distribution in Georgia.</b> W: Bzyb (Shtanchaeva & Subías 2010)</p> <p> <b>Global distribution.</b> Palaearctic</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> Forest soils</p>Published as part of <i>Murvanidze, Maka & Mumladze, Levan, 2016, Annotated checklist of Georgian oribatid mites, pp. 1-81 in Zootaxa 4089 (1)</i> on page 75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4089.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/257567">http://zenodo.org/record/257567</a&gt

Euzetes globulus

<p> <b> <i>Euzetes globulus</i> (Nicolet, 1855)</b> </p> <p> <b>Distribution in Georgia.</b> W: Musera, Kolkheti Reserve, Kintrishi Reserve, Darkveti, Sairme; E: Kvabiskhevi Reserve, Algethy Reserve, Lagodekhi Reserve (Murvanidze <i>et al</i>. 2011, 2013; Murvanidze & Mumladze 2014; Shtanchaeva & Subías 2010)</p> <p> <b>Global distribution.</b> Palaearctic</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> Humid forest soils</p>Published as part of <i>Murvanidze, Maka & Mumladze, Levan, 2016, Annotated checklist of Georgian oribatid mites, pp. 1-81 in Zootaxa 4089 (1)</i> on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4089.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/257567">http://zenodo.org/record/257567</a&gt

Oribatella tenuis Csiszar 1961

<p> <b> <i>Oribatella tenuis</i> Csiszar, 1961</b> </p> <p> <b>Distribution in Georgia.</b> W: Mtirala National Park, Sairme (Mumladze <i>et al</i>. 2015; Murvanidze <i>et al</i>. 2015)</p> <p> <b>Global distribution.</b> Mediterranean</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> Forest soils</p>Published as part of <i>Murvanidze, Maka & Mumladze, Levan, 2016, Annotated checklist of Georgian oribatid mites, pp. 1-81 in Zootaxa 4089 (1)</i> on page 62, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4089.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/257567">http://zenodo.org/record/257567</a&gt

Globosetes microtus Shaldybina 1969

<p> <b> <i>Globosetes microtus</i> Shaldybina, 1969</b> </p> <p> <b>Distribution in Georgia.</b> W: Musera, New Aphon, Mtirala National Park, Kolkheti National Park; E: Kvabiskhevi Reserve (Murvanidze & Mumladze 2014; Murvanidze & Arabuli 2015; Murvanidze <i>et al</i>. 2015; Shtanchaeva & Subías 2010)</p> <p> <b>Global distribution.</b> Caucasus</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> Forest soils</p>Published as part of <i>Murvanidze, Maka & Mumladze, Levan, 2016, Annotated checklist of Georgian oribatid mites, pp. 1-81 in Zootaxa 4089 (1)</i> on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4089.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/257567">http://zenodo.org/record/257567</a&gt

Edwardzetes edwardsii

<p> <b> <i>Edwardzetes edwardsii</i> (Nicolet, 1855)</b> </p> <p> <b>Distribution in Georgia.</b> W: Anaklia, Bakuriani, Borjomi; E: Manglisi (Shtanchaeva & Subías 2010)</p> <p> <b>Global distribution.</b> Boreoalpine</p> <p> <b>Ecology.</b> Broadleaved and coniferous forest soils</p>Published as part of <i>Murvanidze, Maka & Mumladze, Levan, 2016, Annotated checklist of Georgian oribatid mites, pp. 1-81 in Zootaxa 4089 (1)</i> on page 70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4089.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/257567">http://zenodo.org/record/257567</a&gt