Trends in Inequality, Welfare, and Growth in Pakistan, 1963-64 to 2004-05

The present study investigates the trends in inequality, welfare, and growth based on per capita household income/consumption in Pakistan, both its rural and urban areas, from 1963-64 to 2004-05. It employs Gini coefficient to measure inequalities and the Sen welfare index to estimate welfare. Real per capita mean incomes/consumption are worked out to analyse growth. The study finds fluctuating trends in inequality, and rising trends in both welfare and growth. In general, inequality, welfare, and growth remain higher in the urban areas. The study finds income inequality to be more severe as compared to consumption inequality.Income Distribution, welfare, Per Capita Income, Gini Coefficient, Pakistan

The unskilled labor demand across economic sectors in Malaysia: Panel analysis

This study is to examine the unskilled labor demand across the major sectors in Malaysia. By using panel data analysis on unskilled labor demand model, the responsiveness how unskilled labor employment on its determinants can be determined in long run. This research employs 13 years of secondary data form 2000 to 2012 across the Malaysian manufacturing, agriculture and services sectors. The finding suggests there is less responsiveness of wage and productivity on unskilled labor demand in these three sectors. The capital cost is very responsive on unskilled labor employment in Agriculture. The imported input cost and foreign labor employment is less sensitive with unskilled labor employment in agriculture. However, there is no evidence the impact of capital cost, imported input cost and foreign labor on unskilled labor employmen

Sintesis dan Karakterisasi IR 3,5-dinitroasetofenon sebagai Starting Material dalam Sintesis Trimer 3,5-dinitroasetofenon Peroksida

Sintesis 3,5-dinitroasetofenon sebagai starting material dalam sintesis trimer 3,5-dinitroasetofenon peroksida yang berpotensi menjadi material eksplosif berdaya ledak tinggi telah dilakukan dengan metode nitrasi asetofenon menggunakan HNO3 pekat dan katalis H2SO4 pekat. Hasil sintesis 3,5-dinitroasetofenon dengan variasi suhu dan konsentrasi menunjukkan peningkatan hasil rendamen. Sintesis 3,5-dinitroasetofenon dengan menggunakan HNO3 36 % pada suhu 5 0C memberikan rendamen sebesar 55,34 % sementara jika menggunakan HNO3 100 % pada suhu -5 0C memberikan rendamen sebesar 57,35 %. Adapun jika menggunakan HNO3 100 % pada suhu 5 dan 0 0C tidak memberikan hasil akibat terurai dengan cepat dan menghasilkan ledakan. Pengukuran titik leleh hasil sintesis memberikan titik leleh pada suhu 70-71 0C. Sementara Spektrum IR menunjukkan substitusi 1,3,5 cincin benzen pada daerah 669,30-792,34 cm-1 dengan pola overtone pada daerah1770,65-1816,94 cm-1. Munculnya peak pada daerah 1616,35-1682,64 cm-1 menunjukkan adanya gugus nitro yang mempertegas bahwa cincin benzen telah tersubstitusi. Bahan ini merupakan starting material maka perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk sintesis trimer 3,5-dinitroasetofenon peroksida

AGE DETERMINATION OF MARINE SEDIMENT IN SPERMONDE ARCHIPEL VIA ACTIVITY MEASUREMENT OF 14C BY LSC (LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING)

A research on Age Determination of Sea Sediment of Spermonde Islands through Ac- tivity Measurements of 14C with LSC (Liquid Scintillation Counting) method has been performed. The sample of sediment was taken at the island of Lae-Lae, Spermonde Islands where it is rela- tively close to the influence of human activities. This study aims to determine the activity of 14C in the sediment sample and calculate the age through measurement of 14C specific activities of  sedi- ment sample.  Preparation is done both physically and chemically by using a mixture of solution of the acid and alkaline: NaOH, H2O2, HClO4, and HCl to produce sediment sample which was white and clean with a weight reduction of up to 5 %.  Carbonate matrix sample was separated as CO2 using 1 N KOH absorber with H3PO4  85 %. Carbon content of the sample solution is 1.172 g/8 mL.  The 14C activity of the sample was analyzed using LSC (Liquid Scintillation Counting) as an analysis technique. The specific activity sediment sample was 13.85g/C. The age of sediment sam- ple calculated from the specific activity was 821,0822 year

PEMANFAATAN HIJAUAN RAWA TERMODIFIKASI SEBAGAI PAKAN LENGKAP GRANULE TERHADAP KARKAS DAN DAGING KAMBING LOKAL

Swamps forage generally have crude fiber content and tannin content which is quite high. Unlike the case with legumes which are high in protein content but crude fiber content, and tannins that are not too high compared to swamp forages. The presence of tannin in swamp forage, has an impact on palatability, digestibility and biological value of feed. In such a situation, modification of swamp forages with tree legumes is a promising alternative source of feed for goats.         Protein in small ruminant animals is generally degraded in the rumen before reaching the abomasum, where absorption of nutrients occurs. As a result, protein digestibility will be reduced because it is damaged during the journey to the abomasum, so there needs to be modification so that protein damage to the rumen can be reduced. One way is to create a protein protector that is able to protect protein by using tannin which is quite abundant in swamp forages. In addition to functioning as a protein protector, tannin is also useful as an anthelmintic agent (anti-parasite) in goats, so that it will reduce the occurrence of worm disease in goats so that it will reduce the use of worm parasitic drugs which will have an impact on goat performance.           The specific objectives of this study were to analyze the ability of a combination of swamp forage with modified legume as a complete feed granule with different tannin content on the quality of local carcass and goat meat          Trial feeding was carried out on 12 male local goats aged 1.5-2 years, body weight 33-35 kg. At this stage a modified swamp and legume forage in the form of granules was modified as a complete feed on the performance of local meat-producing goats. Parameters measured included: Carcass quality, physical and organoleptic quality of meat.          The results showed that the application of swamp forage and indigofera legume on male goats affected the cut weight and carcass percentage. Giving a combination of swamp forage with indigofera legume with different tannin content affects the physical properties of goat meat which includes cooking losses, water holding capacity, but does not affect the tenderness of meat, and pH.

The Adsorption of Pb(II) Ions on Activated Carbon from Rice Husk, Irradiated by Ultrasonic Waves:Kinetic and Thermodynamics Studies

The research aim to determine the influence of variations of contact time, pH, and concentration on the adsorption of Pb(II); adsorption capacity; kinetic parameters (reaction order and the value of k) and thermodynamic parameters (Ea, ?G, ?H, ?S) for the adsorption of Pb(II) using rice husk activated carbon were irradiated with and without ultrasonic waves. Method is making rice husk activated carbon, the effect of variation of time, pH, temperature and concentration. Analysis equation of pseudo first order reaction kinetics and pseudo second order, analysis equation of Langmuir and Freundlich, and thermodynamics. The method of analysis used in this research was the infra-red spectrophotometer (FT-IR), the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The irradiated activated carbon adsorption capacity is 16.6667 mg/g and without irradiated is 9.8039 mg/g by Langmuir isotherm models. The optimum conditions for adsorption of Pb(II) at 50 minutes contact time, pH 5, temperature 40°C, whereas the concentration of Pb(II) 300 ppm adsorption is still experiencing. The result are suitable with the Langmuir isotherm models. Adsorption kinetics of Pb(II) were irradiated with ultrasonic waves followed the pseudo second order. Beside that thermodynamic parameters of ?H, ?S, ?G and Ea are -11.1075 kJ mole-1, -0.04192 kJ mole-1 K, -4.55433 kJ mole-1, 0.80213 kcal. mole-1, respectively. Keywords: adsorption, ultrasonic, metal Pb(II), activated carbon rice husk

Schooling and Students’ Linguistic and Cultural Identity in Baltistan: Silencing the Local Music

This paper investigates the role of the schooling process in shaping the linguistic and cultural identity of secondary school students in Baltistan, a region in Northern Pakistan known for its unique culture and the Sino-Tibetan language \u27Balti\u27. Specifically, the study examines the impact of excluding local music from school activities on students\u27 linguistic and cultural identity. Previous literature highlights the significant value of local music in Baltistan, which serves as an integral part of cultural life, rituals, and ceremonies, contributing to a strong sense of identity among students. However, over time, music has been discouraged for various reasons. Surprisingly, the data reveals that neither private nor public schools offer music lessons, reflecting a growing conservative attitude towards music and its negative implications for students\u27 linguistic and cultural affiliation. Consequently, students are alienated and distanced from their local musical traditions, which poses policy challenges in fostering an inclusive learning environment that supports the positive development of linguistic and cultural identity. &nbsp

Regression Model for Predicting Soaked CBR from UCC

ABSTRACT. Flexible pavement is a multi-layered structure with a subgrade layer acting as the pavement structure’s foundation. The performance and strength of soil for its use as a subgrade are ascertained by its California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value. CBR test is a technically extensive and labor-intensive mechanism that could cause delays in carrying out construction projects, which would raise the construction cost. Therefore, highway engineers need to design a predictive model for quick assessment of the CBR of subgrade soil. In this research, eight specimens of disturbed soil were obtained from Rawalpindi Division, Pakistan. All soil samples were subjected to laboratory testing and categorized according to the AASHTO soil Classification System. The specimens were subjected to soaked CBR, and unconfined compression tests based on Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) values, acquired from the Modified Proctor Compaction test. An empirical correlation between soaked CBR and unconfined compressive strength test is developed by the Suitable Trend-Line Method in Microsoft excel. From the single linear regression model, the value of the coefficient of correlation is found (0.98) indicating a very good correlation between soaked CBR and UCC strength test. Keywords: Regression Model, Correlation Coefficient, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), UCC strength