Inclusive Growth with Zakat

Zakat is an annual religious levy that is collected from rich Muslims and its proceeds are disbursed among poor people of the society. It has many spiritual and social merits. For example, it purifies the hearts of zakat-givers as they give away a part of their wealth, one of the most precious things in their lives, seeking the pleasure of God without requiring any worldly gains whatsoever. It bridges the social gap between „haves‟ and „have-nots.‟ This study analyses, however, only economic consequences of Zakat for economic growth. They cannot be appreciated duly unless one understands the following concepts of modern economics; various theories of consumption, aggregate demand, stagnation thesis, consumption puzzle, marginal productivity of capital and Kuznets curve

Analyze Gelling Properties for Time-Dependent Non-Newtonian Fluids

Drilling fluids are visco-elastic materials. This means that they behave as a viscous fluid when subject to sufficient shear stress and like an elastic solid when they are in near static conditions. Both properties are time-dependent. While drilling a well, there could be many instances when a change in the velocity of drilling fluid is required. For instance, we may have to adjust the pump flow rate depending upon the formation drilled. In a similar manner, there could be variations in the flow rate due to the movement of the drill string as it can move axially, rotationally, and side-wise. Another example is the change of flow rate owing to the difference in the flow geometry while passing from the annulus. In all these cases, the drilling fluid required a definite time to attain new equilibrium conditions. Nevertheless, the time-dependence rheological properties of drilling fluids are usually not measured during drilling operations. Additionally, in the lab measurements, seldom are experiments performed beyond 30 minutes of resting time. Consequently, it is difficult to estimate how thixotropy impacts pressure losses in drilling operations. Against this backdrop, our research is focused on the analysis of the gelling properties of time-dependent non-Newtonian fluids. We have systematically measured the time-dependence of the rheological properties of different samples of water-based and oil-based fluids with a scientific rheometer in order to capture how the gel strength of the drilling fluids responds to variations of other relevant parameters involved. Furthermore, we have analyzed the behaviours of those fluids for the longer resting times until no further gel strength is developed in them

Analyze Gelling Properties for Time-Dependent Non-Newtonian Fluids

Drilling fluids are visco-elastic materials. This means that they behave as a viscous fluid when subject to sufficient shear stress and like an elastic solid when they are in near static conditions. Both properties are time-dependent. While drilling a well, there could be many instances when a change in the velocity of drilling fluid is required. For instance, we may have to adjust the pump flow rate depending upon the formation drilled. In a similar manner, there could be variations in the flow rate due to the movement of the drill string as it can move axially, rotationally, and side-wise. Another example is the change of flow rate owing to the difference in the flow geometry while passing from the annulus. In all these cases, the drilling fluid required a definite time to attain new equilibrium conditions. Nevertheless, the time-dependence rheological properties of drilling fluids are usually not measured during drilling operations. Additionally, in the lab measurements, seldom are experiments performed beyond 30 minutes of resting time. Consequently, it is difficult to estimate how thixotropy impacts pressure losses in drilling operations. Against this backdrop, our research is focused on the analysis of the gelling properties of time-dependent non-Newtonian fluids. We have systematically measured the time-dependence of the rheological properties of different samples of water-based and oil-based fluids with a scientific rheometer in order to capture how the gel strength of the drilling fluids responds to variations of other relevant parameters involved. Furthermore, we have analyzed the behaviours of those fluids for the longer resting times until no further gel strength is developed in them

Bacteriocin-mediated inhibition of some common pathogens by wild and mutant Lactobacillus species and in vitro amplification of bacteriocin encoding genes

Lactobacilli are the most common probiotics used in food and other industries because of their capability of producing bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are compounds that are used to kill pathogenic microorganisms. As most bacteria have become resistant to synthetic antibacterial tools, the importance of using probiotics as antibacterial agents has increased. This work was done to check the bacteriocin effect on some common pathogens and the influence of mutation on the bacteriocin activity of Lactobacilli was also investigated. Four strains were isolated, identified from meat and pickles samples via culturing methods, staining, biochemical tests, and ribotyping. Preliminary tests, including Gram staining and catalase test, were done for the confirmation of Lactobacillus species. All strains were gram-positive and catalase-negative. Antibacterial activity was checked against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritis via agar well diffusion method. The mutations were done using ethidium bromide and the influence of wild and mutants were also checked. Interestingly, mutants developed more virulence than wild ones. It was also observed that they all were sensitive to pepsin. Protein estimation was done via Bradford method. Ribotyping of GCU-W-PS1 revealed 99 % homology with Lactobacillus plantarum and GCU-W-MS1 to Lactobacillus curvatus (99 % homology). Curvacin A, sakacin P, and plantaricin A genes were also amplified using specific primers. Gene sequence showed the presence of curvacin A gene in GCU-W-MS1. It was concluded that lactic acid bacteria could be used as antibacterial tools against common pathogens

Late Marriages and Moral Conduct: Ethnography of Males of District Khanewal

Delayed marriage is particularly an ingrained socio-cultural trend among the masses, which is widely prevalent in the Middle East, West Asia, United States and North Africa. The escalating concern about the prevention of health issues, challenged physical condition and psychological disorders among the offspring have led majority of the couples to seek counselling, considering it an imperative aspect of their marital relationship. Despite its advantage, such an approach has caused social confusion and disorder in the society too resulting in delayed marriages. In this regard, the delayed marriage is an interesting anthro-biological problem widespread among the people of Khanewal city. In the face of such challenged physiological functioning of the individuals and the unreliableexisting multi-layered treatment mechanism; masses customarilyobserve and practice this phenomenon

Recovery of Soil Transmitted Helminthes (STH) Ova from Diaper of Female Child

Soil Transmitted Helminthes (STH) is always a problem in developingand under developed countries. Children are mostly prone to STH intropical and non-tropical countries including Pakistan. We have observed ova of Ascaris and some non-descriptive objects in the parasitological examination of the fecal material of infant collected from diaper

Earnings Per Share Versus Cash Flow Per Share as Predictor of Dividend; Evidence from Non Financial Sector of Pakistan

This research study has compared the relative predictive power of earnings and cash flow in order to find out the best predictor of dividend. This study has used panel data techniques and the data has been collected from the balance sheet analysis of 104 KSE-100 index non-financial companies. This study has employed a linear mixed effect model approach to investigate the main problem. The two models (earnings based model and cash flow based model) have been compared by using log likelihood estimator and Akaiki information criteria (AIC). The results have shown that cash flow per share is a better predictor of dividend than earnings per share in term of log likelihood estimator and Akaiki information criteria (AIC). The results have also concluded that both earnings per share and cash flow per share have a significant relationship with dividend. The study also finds out that all the control variables including firm’s size (SIZE), leverage ratio (LR), market to book value (MBV) and liquidity ratio (LIQ) have a significant relationship with dividend. Keywords: Earning per share (EPS), Cash flow per share (CFPS), Dividend, Linear mixed effect model, Log likelihood estimator, Akaiki information Criteria (AIC) and KSE-100 inde

Urbanisation and Crime: A Case Study of Pakistan

Crime is an activity which is against the law and the fact that the linkage between criminal activities and the socio-economic development of the society is undeniable. Moreover, the relationship between crime and evolution of mankind may also be considered a historical one as Cain (first son of Adam and Eve) committed first crime when he murdered his brother Able because of jealousy. Due to the complex nature of the subject of crime, for example, regarding its causes and consequences, various academic disciplines such as criminology, sociology, geography, psychology and demography study it from their own perspective. A relatively new emerging field, however, is the economics of crime which tries to identify the socio-economic causes and consequences of criminal activities in a society