Effect of processing conditions of hot pressurized solvent extraction in batch reactor on anthocyanins of purple field corn

Total anthocyanin content of the dried kernel and dried cob of purple field corn was investigated under hot pressurized solvent extraction conditions. The highest total anthocyanin content of 492.51 µg cyanidin-3-glucoside/g dry weight of sample was obtained from dried kernel extraction using water-ethanol ratio 1:3 as solvent at sample-solvent ratio 1:8 and extraction temperature of 80 oC. For the dried cob extraction, the highest total anthocyanin content obtained was 1890.49 µg cyanidin-3-glucoside/g dry weight of sample using water-ethanol ratio 1:1 as solvent at sample-solvent ratio 1:8, and extraction temperature of 100 oC. The extraction was carried out at pressure of 0.20 MPa and 15 min with N2 purging. Additionally, the antioxidant activities assessed by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays showed that the dried cob extract exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity in DPPH assay (IC50=3.83 mg/ml), ABTS assay (IC50=3.84 mg/ml) and FRAP assay (421.76 mmol FeSO4/100 g dry weight of sample)

Effect of Metal Catalysts on Synthesis of Carbon Nanomaterials by Alcohol Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition

Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) were synthesized by alcohol catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at atmospheric pressure using different metal catalysts (Ni, Co and Fe) at growth temperature of 700oC. Ni and Fe exhibited as active catalysts for multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) growth, while Co acted as an active catalyst for bamboo-like MWNTs and carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The CNMs synthesized from Ni catalyst showed the highest crystallinity with a small amount of byproducts. These results imply that metal catalyst is key parameter to the structure, morphology and crystallinity of CNMs. The different effect of metal catalyst on growth of CNMs can be described in term of the difference in the change in Gibbs free energy for metal carbide formation

Catalytic steam gasification of biomass for a sustainable hydrogen future: influence of catalyst composition

Hydrogen is regarded as a clean energy for fuelling the future. Hydrogen will be the energy carrier from other resources such as hydropower, wind, solar and biomass. Producing hydrogen from gasification of biomass wastes, particularly in the presence of steam, represents a promising route to produce this clean and CO2-neutral fuel. The steam pyrolysis-gasification ofbiomass (wood sawdust) was carried out with various nickel-based catalysts for hydrogen production in a two-stage fixed bed reaction system. The wood sawdust was pyrolysed in the first reactor and the derived products were gasified in the second reactor in the presence of the catalyst and steam. The synthesised Ni-Ca-Al and Ni-Zn-Al catalysts were preparedbyco-precipitation method with different Ni loadings of 20 mol% and various Zn/Al or Ca/Al ratios, which were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO). The results showed that the Ni/Zn-Al (1:9) catalyst resulted in higher hydrogenproduction(23.9 mmol H2 g-1biomass)compared with the Ni/Ca-Al (1:9) catalyst (12.7 23.9 mmol H2 g-1 biomass) and in addition, the increase of Ca or Zn content in the catalyst slightly increased the hydrogen production. The TPO results showed that the catalyst suffered negligible coke deposition from the catalytic steam pyrolysis/gasification of wood sawdust. Additionally, Na2CO3 basic solution was also found toproduce a catalyst with better performance and lower coke deposition, compared with NH4OH catalyst preparation agent, as observed by TPO, SEM and TEM analysis

Hydrogen production from the catalytic supercritical water gasification of process water generated from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae

The integration of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and hydrothermal gasification (HTG) is an option for enhanced energy recovery and potential biocrude upgrading. The yields and product distribution obtained from the HTL of Chlorella vulgaris have been investigated. High conversion of algae to biocrude as well as near complete gasification of the remaining organic components in the aqueous phase was achieved. The aqueous phase from HTL was upgraded through catalytic HTG under supercritical water conditions to maximise hydrogen production for biocrude hydrotreating. High yields of hydrogen were produced (∼30 mol H2/kg algae) with near complete gasification of the organics (∼98%). The amount of hydrogen produced was compared to the amounts needed for complete hydrotreating of the biocrude. A maximum of 0.29 g H2 was produced through HTG per gram of biocrude produced by HTL. The nutrient content of the aqueous phase was analysed to determine suitability of nutrient recovery for algal growth. The results indicate the successful integration of HTL and HTG to produce excess hydrogen and maintain nutrient recovery for algal growth

Hydrogen production from biomass and plastic mixtures by pyrolysis-gasification

The addition of plastics to the steam pyrolysis/gasification of wood sawdust with and without a Ni/AlO catalyst was investigated in order to increase the production of hydrogen in the gaseous stream. To study the influence of the biomass/plastic ratio in the initial feedstock, 5, 10 and 20 wt.% of polypropylene was introduced with the wood in the pyrolysis reactor. To investigate the effect of plastic type, a blend of 80 wt.% of biomass and 20 wt.% of either polypropylene, high density polyethylene, polystyrene or a mixture of real world plastics was fed into the reactor. The results showed that a higher gas yield (56.9 wt.%) and a higher hydrogen concentration and production (36.1 vol.% and 10.98 mmol H g sample, respectively) were obtained in the gaseous fraction when 20 wt.% of polypropylene was mixed with the biomass. This significant improvement in gas and hydrogen yield was attributed to synergetic effects between intermediate species generated via co-pyrolysis. The Ni/Al O catalyst dramatically improved the gas yield as well as the hydrogen concentration and production due to the enhancement of water gas shift and steam reforming reactions. Very low amounts of coke (less than 1 wt.% in all cases) were formed on the catalyst during reaction, with the deposited carbonaceous material being of the filamentous type. The Ni/AlO catalyst was shown to be effective for hydrogen production in the co-pyrolysis/gasification process of wood sawdust and plastics

Hydrogen production form the hydrothermal gasification of food wastes

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Exploring the potential of black soldier fly larvae oil: Supercritical CO2 extraction, physicochemical analysis, antioxidant properties, shelf life, and keratinocyte growth inhibition

The oil production potential of Hermetia illucens, commonly known as black soldier fly larvae, showed a great promise, yielding approximately 20.18 %–25.94 % of oil when extracted using the supercritical CO2 method. The main fatty acids found in this supercritical CO2-extracted oil were lauric acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. Noticeably, the extracted oil contained a high total phenolic content and had antioxidant activities. Furthermore, this research applied a zero-order kinetic model to predict the shelf life of the extracted oil when stored at temperatures ranging from 25 °C to 55 °C. The predicted shelf life ranged from 2.42 to 3.63 months. In addition to these properties, the oil demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of keratinocytes in human skin by approximately 1.69 %–76.70 % at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 mg/ml. According to these findings, the black soldier fly larval oil has the potential to be a high-quality, health-promoting component with applications in a variety of industries, including food and feed manufacturing, medicines, and cosmetics

Production of flour film from waste flour during noodle production and its application for preservation of fresh strawberries

The flour film (75% w/v) with 40% w/w plasticizer/waste flour, at 2:1 w/w glycerol:sorbitol and formulated with 20% w/w potassium sorbate/waste flour, was used to cover fresh strawberries on polystyrene foam, and the quality of the fruit was monitored during storage at 5°C and 90% relative humidity for 9 days. The results revealed that the fresh strawberries covered with such film had average phenolic contents, free radical antioxidant activity, and firmness equal to 326.12 mg gallic acid/100 g fresh strawberry and 2.66 mg Trolox/g strawberry, and 0.27 N, respectively. These values were higher than those obtained for the strawberries covered with film having no added potassium sorbate, and the strawberries with no film (control), respectively. Also, among the samples studied, the total plate counts (log CFU/g) of the stored strawberries covered with film, containing 20% w/w potassium sorbate/waste flour, were lower