Comparación del Gasto de los hogares colombianos entre 1997 y 2003, según resultados de encuestas de calidad de vida: magnitud, composición y distribu

El propósito de este estudio es analizar el cambio en magnitud, composición y distribución del gasto de los hogares en los años 1997 y 2003, usando las encuestas de calidad de vida. Este análisis encuentra una gran disminución del gasto per cápita (23.9%), especialmente en zonas urbanas y regiones más adelantadas, reflejo de la crisis económica que golpea al país desde 1998. Este decrecimiento desigual generó una mejor distribución en el 2003 y ocasionó un cambio en la estructura de gastos, llevando a un importante crecimiento de la proporción de los gastos en alimentos y una disminución de los gastos de educación y salud. En el documento se utilizó estadística descriptiva, discriminando por quintiles de cada región y clase (urbano rural). Posteriormente se realizaron estimaciones paramétricas y no paramétricas de las curvas de Engel, para cada rubro, con el fin de identificar su naturaleza.*************************************************************************************************************The purpose of this study is to analyze the change in magnitude, composition and distribution of the household's expenditure in 1997 and 2003, using quality of life surveys. The analysis shows a decrease in the per capita expenditure (23,9%), specially in rural zones and richer regions, which reflects the economic recession that the country lives since 1998. This unequal decrease leads to a better distribution and a change in the expenditure structure where the portion of foodexpenses increase while the education and health ones reduces. In the paper we use descriptive statistics taking into acount the quantiles by region and zones (rural and urban). Then, we make parametric and non-parametric estimations of the Engel curve for each group of commodities in order to identify their nature.Gasto de los Hogares, magnitud, composición, distribución, curvas de Engel

Urban-Coastal Development. Study Method for Quantifying in a Global Scale

La investigación llevada a cabo está orientada a cuantificar la importancia de las ciudades costeras en el mundo. Se ha realizado un detallado análisis de todas las ciudades del mundo con más de 100.000 habitantes, desde 1945 a la actualidad. Se han diferenciado aquellas que pueden considerarse costeras de otras situadas más al interior. Para ello, se han utilizado dos fuentes de información de distinta naturaleza: análisis de las bases de datos de Naciones Unidas y sensores remotos de Google Earth. Estas dos fuentes cuando se relacionan permiten un estudio bastante preciso del panorama mundial urbano costero. La visión de este trabajo es dinámica porque se ha prestado mucha atención al carácter evolutivo del fenómeno urbanizador en las costas del mundo. El resultado es de gran importancia para la gestión integrada de áreas litorales. El aumento del número de ciudades y de la población en la zona costera ejerce una enorme presión sobre los ecosistemas costeros y marinos. Es posible que el nuevo escenario que se observa en las costas del mundo exija también nuevos enfoques de gestión.This research is aimed at quantifying the importance of coastal cities in the world. The study includes a detailed analysis of all cities with over 100,000 inhabitants, from 1945 to the present. Coastal cities have been differentiated from the inland cities. To do this, two sources of information were used: analysis of databases United Nations and Google Earth remote sensing. When these two sources are related, allowing a fairly accurate study of the coastal urban world stage. The vision of this research is dynamic because it pays close attention to the changing nature of urbanization phenomenon in the world's coastlines. The result is of great importance for the Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The increasing number of cities and population in the coastal zone exerts enormous pressure on coastal and marine ecosystems. It is possible that the new scenario that is observed on the coasts of the world also requires new management approaches

The limits of coastal and marine areas in Andalusia (Spain). A socio-ecological approach for ecosystem-based management

Coastal and marine areas represent one of the most relevant spaces on a global scale to address management and conservation processes. Firstly, this is due to the interactions that characterise the area of exchange between land and sea. Secondly, it is the area where the main population settlements are located. However, there is no agreed definition of the scope of the coastal zone for management, and legal delimitations usually simplify the reality, making it impossible to develop Ecosystem Based Management in these areas. The research advances on a proposal for a conceptual and geographical delimitation of coastal areas from a socio-ecological perspective. The results show a delimitation of the coastal area based on two large geographical areas: The Coast and the Coastal Zone. The first one includes the Coastal Water, the Intertidal Area and the Shoreland. Seconly, the Coastal Zone is fundamental for understanding certain ecosystemic and social phenomena, and includes two units: Coastal Zone Water and Coastal Land. The proposed socio-ecological limits do not always coincide with the legal limits, which is why this article analyses in depth, for the case of Andalusia (Spain), the state and regional legislation on coastal matters. With all this, ideas are proposed on which to introduce socio-ecological delimitation into the legal limits and thus advance towards Ecosystem-Based Management in coastal and marine areas

El papel de la microbiota en el tratamiento contra el cáncer

Motivation: Cisplatin (CP) or cis-diamminedichloridoplatinum(II) (CDDP) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for various solid tumors. DNA is the critical target for cisplatin by inhibiting DNA synthesis and inducing celular apoptosis (Crone, 2015). However, its effectiveness in each individual is greatly different. Understanding the causes of this disparity may contribute to the development of personalize treatments. Therefore, patients will get more effective results. One of those causes may be the intestinal microbiota composition. The relationship between the host and the commensal microbiota regulates physiological functions which could have a link with tumor progression (Perez-Chanona, 2016). In this study we expect to find a direct relationship between a particular specie of bacteria given as supply and the effectiveness of cisplatin in the nematode C. elegans. This information will allow to anticipate therapy efficacy based on microbiota composition of every patient. Moreover, microbiota may be modified to achieve the expected results. To find out how this drug affects C. elegans, brood size of each individual was analyzed after being treated with it. Offspring is measured in order to quantify DNA damage during gametic production. A decrease in offspring after cisplatin treatment indicates positive drug function (Crone, 2015).Methods: For each experiment, wild type (N2) strain of C. elegans eggs were incubated in NGM plates seeded with a mixture of E. coli (OP50) (90%) and the chosen intestinal bacteria (10%). After 72 hours maintained at 16ºC, L4 nematodes (last larval stage previous to fertile adult stage) were exposed to cisplatin (150 µg/ml, dissolved in M9 buffer including 0.01% Tween20) for 2 hours. Afterwards, worms were washed three times in M9 buffer. Ten worms from each treatment were selected to be placed again in the previous mixture of bacteria for 24 hours. The day after, each one was moved to a new and individual NGM plate containing only OP50 as supply. The three following days brood size was scored for every worm. Results: So far, a decrease in offspring of 26% has been achieved when the worm is seeded with OP50 and exposed to cisplatin (150 µg/ml). This decrease in brood-size allows the detection of reduction and also improvement of the cisplatin effect.Conclusions: Based on the previous data, the effect of different bacteria species will be evaluated

Probabilistic trajectory generation using uncertainty propagation model

This document establishes the basis for the work to be developed within Work Package 2 of the START project. The objective of this Work Package is to build a methodology that could allow for the obtainment of the probabilistic trajectories that would result from the propagation of the characterized micro-level uncertainties in the aircraft trajectory prediction process. This deliverable will be focused on implementing the models and processes required to capture the influence of the uncertainties that are present in the development of an aircraft trajectory. To this end, we will show how to propagate these uncertainties, using a stochastic trajectory predictor, that will allow us to obtain a set of probabilistic trajectories from an initial deterministic flight plan, which will encapsulate the effect of the inputs’ variability. First, an introduction to Polynomial Chaos Theory, which is the basis of the stochastic trajectory predictor developed in START, and our solution for introducing weather uncertainty into the trajectory prediction process will be exposed. Then, it will be presented how the integration of the advanced data assimilation models, introduced in the deliverable D2.1 [2], together with the stochastic trajectory predictor will lead to more robust airline operations. Additionally, the framework for the probabilistic trajectory generation will be introduced, showing how all different modules will be employed in START in a two-phase approach (first an off-line fitting phase to obtain the models for uncertainty propagation, and then an online phase where, making use of the fitted model, the probabilistic trajectories can be obtained from a deterministic flight plan). Finally, a study case will be presented, showing the application of the previously defined methodology to a specific scenario.Preprin

An analysis of twitter as a relevant human mobility proxy A comparative approach in spain during the COVID-19 pandemic

During the last years, the analysis of spatio-temporal data extracted from Online Social Networks (OSNs) has become a prominent course of action within the human-mobility mining discipline. Due to the noisy and sparse nature of these data, an important effort has been done on validating these platforms as suitable mobility proxies. However, such a validation has been usually based on the computation of certain features from the raw spatio-temporal trajectories extracted from OSN documents. Hence, there is a scarcity of validation studies that evaluate whether geo-tagged OSN data are able to measure the evolution of the mobility in a region at multiple spatial scales. For that reason, this work proposes a comprehensive comparison of a nation-scale Twitter (TWT) dataset and an official mobility survey from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. The target time period covers a three-month interval during which Spain was heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Both feeds have been compared in this context by considering different mobility-related features and spatial scales. The results show that TWT could capture only a limited number features of the latent mobility behaviour of Spain during the study period

La refrigeración solar de los edificios

La climatización, además de afectar al confort de una vivienda, es importante en secotres como la economía. De esta depende, por ejemplo, la productividad de un invernadero. Por ello, la innovación en este campo pasa por estudiar sistemas más eficientes que aprovechen enrgías limpias como el so

El derecho humano a los servicios públicos esenciales : una mirada a la prohibición del derecho a la huelga

La presente monografía busca resolver en cuatro capítulos el problema que existe frente al ejercicio del derecho a la huelga en los servicios públicos esenciales en Colombia. A partir de esta premisa, se realizó un marco teórico sobre la legislación internacional y su posición dentro del ordenamiento jurídico colombiano; además de una breve explicación sobre el funcionamiento, organigrama y facultades de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Con esto, lo que se buscó fue poner en contexto las facultades de este organismo internacional, pero sobre todo la validez de sus decisiones y/o regulaciones en nuestro país. Posteriormente, se contrastó la posición sobre el derecho a la huelga y los servicios públicos esenciales entre ambas regulaciones. En este orden de ideas, esta monografía tocó temas como: la definición de los tratados internacionales, el bloque de constitucionalidad, el derecho a la huelga y los servicios públicos esenciales. Además, se trataron temas como la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, el trámite de ratificación de los tratados internacionales en Colombia, el funcionamiento del ejercicio del derecho a la huelga, así como otros aspectos importantes a la hora de adoptar una posición al respecto del problema planteado en este escrito.This monograph seeks to resolve in four chapters the problem that exists regarding the exercise of the right to strike in essential public services in Colombia. Based on this premise, a theoretical framework on international legislation and its position within the Colombian legal system was developed, in addition to a brief explanation of the functioning, organizational chart and powers of the International Labor Organization. With this, the aim was to put in context the powers of this international organization. context of the powers of this international organization, but above all, the validity of its decisions and/or regulations in our country. and/or regulations in our country. Subsequently, we contrasted the position on the right to strike and essential public services between the two countries. and essential public services between the two regulations. In this order of ideas, this monograph touched upon topics such as: the definition of international treaties, the constitutional block treaties, the constitutional block, the right to strike and essential public services. essential public services. In addition, topics such as the International Labor Organization, the process of ratification of international treaties in Colombia, the right to strike and essential public services were discussed. ratification of international treaties in Colombia, the functioning of the exercise of the right to strike, as well as the right to strike. the exercise of the right to strike, as well as other important aspects when it comes to adopting a position on the problem raised in this paper. the problem raised in this paper

"Engineering Design" course transformación: From a conceive - design towards a complete CDIO approach

“Engineering Design” is a discipline aimed at improving our understanding about the development processes of novel and successful products, processes and systems in general, and at providing engineers with methodical steps for enhancing such processes. It may well be the engineering discipline more linked to the CDIO approach and to the conceive-design-implement-operate process. The benefits of applying “Engineering Design” principles are better appreciated when facing the development of complex systems. In the field of Mechanical Engineering some of the more complex systems an engineer can develop are advanced mechanical systems and machines. In this study we present the transformation process of an “Engineering Design” course, carried out in parallel to the implementation of the new Master’s Degree in Industrial Engineering at ETSII – TU Madrid. In the old Industrial Engineering plan of studies, implemented in 2000, the “Engineering Design” course was taught in the 5th academic year for Industrial Engineering students specializing in Mechanical Engineering and lasted for one semester. In the new Master’s Degree in Industrial Engineering, which started in 2014-2015, the “Engineering Design” course can be chosen by students from all Industrial Engineering specializations. The new subject lasts for two semesters and it is taught, in the 1st academic year of the Master’s Degree, to students having finished a four-year Bachelor’s Degree in Industrial Technologies. When transforming the course, our first aim was to let students live through a complete CDIO process, as having a two-semester structure gave us additional time for reaching the implementation and operation stages. With the old one-semester structure they could just focus on the conceptual and design phases. With the new approach their experience is more complete but several challenges arise, which are systematically analyzed in the following pages. A comparative study, taking account of the opinions of students and teachers is also presented and helps to support the benefits from complete CDIO experiences. Key aspects, including: student motivation, coordination between teachers, supervision of the projects under a tight schedule, rapid prototyping resources for reaching the implementation and operation stages, among others, are discussed and the more relevant lessons learned and proposals for improvement are put forward. To our knowledge it constitutes the first subject following a complete CDIO cycle in the field of Engineering Design applied to machines engineering in our country

Production of E. coli non-proliferative as culture medium for C. elegans

Motivation: The nematode and model organism Caenorhabditis elegans is normally fed with the OP50 strain of Escherichia coli B. This culture condition is widely used and is suitable for most approaches. Nonetheless, the fact that it is administered alived in proliferative state can present  some problems, for example when is used to administer a drug to C. elegans and observe the consequences, the bacteria can modify it, or colonize the gut of the animal influencing its life span and the effect of the drug. For this reason, our approach to avoid these problems is to generate nonprolifetartive bacterial biomass as food for C. elegans.Methods: Various physical treatments have been made on OP50 cultures to check their effects on bacterial viability, including drying in a vacuum hood, storage at different temperatures and different times, freezing; ultraviolet irradiation and lyophilization.Performance of the N2 strain of C. elegans fed with treated and non-treated OP50 was analyzed.Furthermore, with genetic engineering we will inactivate DNA repair genes (UvrB, UvrD and RecA) on E. coli B OP50 strain by P1 transduction or by homologous recombination.Results: It has been found that the drying after giving to OP50 ultraviolet radiation is the treatment that reduced more the viability of OP50. It was also noted that the worms fed with dried OP50 take more time to hatch and grow to maturity, also were observed that some worms had gonads problems and few worms had died.Conclusions: Physical treatments such as drying and application of ultraviolet radiation can be useful reducing the growth of bacteria, but is expected that OP50 with DNA repair genes inactivated have better results reducing bacterial viability