Bactéries et moisissures associées à Musca domestica L. et à Chrysomya chloropyga Wied. (Diptera : Muscomorpha) collectées sur deux sites à environnements différents de la ville de Lomé

Objectif: La présente étude a pour objectif de rechercher les bactéries et les moisissures de l’exosquelette de Musca domestica L. et de Chrysomya chloropyga Wied., deux espèces de mouches synanthropiques abondantes dans les marchés de denrées alimentaires de la ville de Lomé.Méthodologie et résultats: Les deux espèces de mouches ont été collectées dans cinq marchés et dans un Jardin botanique de la ville de Lomé. La technique classique d’isolement et d’identification des bactéries et des moisissures a été utilisée pour rechercher les microorganismes associés à ces deux espèces de mouches. Sur 180 individus de chaque espèce de mouche collectés, les analyses ont permis d’identifier 11 espèces de bactéries : Escherichia coli, Enterobacter agglomerans, Klebsiella spp, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus rettgeri, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus spp, Shigella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus à coagulase négative et Pseudomonas spp, et 2 espèces de moisissures : Aspergillus niger et Rhizopus spp dans les marchés tandis que dans le Jardin botanique, environnement sans denrées alimentaires, seulement 3 espèces de bactéries (Proteus vulgaris, Proteus spp, Staphylococcus aureus) et de moisissures (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus spp et Mucor spp) ont été identifiées.Conclusion et application des résultats: La diversité des espèces microbiennes véhiculées par ces mouches capturées au sein des marchés varie suivant les sites et serait liée à la qualité hygiénique de leur l’environnement. M. domestica et C. chloropyga sont de potentiels vecteurs d’agents pathogènes dans les marchés de la ville de Lomé. Des mesures d’hygiène doivent donc être renforcées dans ces marchés pour éviter la transmission croisée des agents pathogènes à l’homme.Mots clés: Musca domestica, Chrysomya chloropyga, bactéries, moisissures, marchésEnglish Title: Associated bacteria and fungi to Musca domestica L. and Chrysomya chloropyga Wied. (Diptera: Muscomorpha) collected from two differents environments of Lomé CityEnglish AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria and fungi on the external surfaces of adult house fly Musca domestica L. and the blow fly Chrysomya chloropyga Wied, two species of synantropic fly who are abundance in the market of the city of Lomé.Methodogy and results: Both species were sampled from five market and botanical garden of city of Lomé. The conventional isolation of bacteria and fungi technique was used to research the microorganisms associated to both species of fly. Eleven bacteria species were isolated from 180 adult of each species of fly: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter agglomerans, Klebsiella spp, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus rettgeri, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus spp, Shigella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, negative coagulase Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas spp, and 2 fungi species : Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus spp in the market while in botanic garden, environment without food, only 3 species of bacteria (Proteus vulgaris, Proteus spp, Staphylococcus aureus) and fungi (Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus spp and Mucor spp) were identified.Conclusion and application: The diversity of the species of bacteria and fungi associated to fly sample in the market changed with the collecting sites and was linked with the hygienic quality of their environment. M. domestica and C. chloropyga have the potentiality to transmit the pathogens in the market of Lomé city. Sanitary action must be strengthen in the market to avoid the cross transmission of pathogen to human.Keywords: Musca domestica, Chrysomya chloropyga, bacteria, fungi, marke

Effect of the Essential Oil of Clausena anisata (Rutaceae) and Palm Kernel Vegetable Oil on Engorged Females of Three Species of Ixodidae Cattle Ticks

Improving and increasing livestock production system yield requires parasite control, especially ticks, which stifle the emergence of successful breeding units. Effective environmentally friendly and biological parasite control is urgently required. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the essential oil of Clausena anisata (Rutaceae) and of palm kernel vegetable oil compared to a reference chemical acaricide, flumethrin, on the biological parameters of the engorged females of three major tick species in the Maritime Region of Togo. The topical tests applied consisted respectively of depositing a drop of 75μL and 5μL of the crude extracts and their dilutions on the back of each female of Amblyomma variegatum, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae). Fifteen females and three replicates were tested, incubated at 28 ± 1°C, 85-95% RH, 12: 12 L:D, and were monitored daily. C. anisata caused 100% mortality in all engorged females and its 1/8 dilution destroyed 100% of eggs laid by A. variegatum. Palm kernel vegetable oil caused 100% mortality in female species of the genus Rhipicephalus (B.). Flumethrin was very toxic to ticks. Since Palm kernel vegetable oil has a significant toxicity, the two oils tested can be an alternative control of the studied ticks after additional studies

New geographical records for tick‐borne pathogens in ticks collected from cattle in Benin and Togo

International audienceBackgroundTicks are obligate hematophagous arthropods capable of transmitting a great variety of endemic and emerging pathogens causing diseases in animals and humans.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Bartonella spp., Rickettsia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks collected from cattle in Benin and Togo.MethodsOverall, 396 (148 males, 205 females and 43 nymphs) ticks were collected from cattle in 17 districts (Benin and Togo) between 2019 and 2020. Ticks were pooled into groups of 2–6 ticks per pool according to individual host, location, species and developmental stage. The DNA of each pool was extracted for molecular screening.ResultsPCR results revealed that 20 tick pools were positive for Bartonella spp. (Benin and Togo) and 23 tick pools positive for Rickettsia spp. (Benin), while all pools were negative for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi s.l. Sequence analysis of positive Rickettsia samples revealed the presence of Rickettsia aeschlimannii.ConclusionsThe present study highlights the presence of zoonotic agents in ticks collected from cattle in Benin and Togo. This information will raise awareness of tick-borne diseases among physicians and veterinarians, stimulate further studies to monitor these pathogens, and advise on necessary measures to control the spread of these zoonoses

New geographical records for tick‐borne pathogens in ticks collected from cattle in Benin and Togo

Abstract Background Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods capable of transmitting a great variety of endemic and emerging pathogens causing diseases in animals and humans. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Bartonella spp., Rickettsia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks collected from cattle in Benin and Togo. Methods Overall, 396 (148 males, 205 females and 43 nymphs) ticks were collected from cattle in 17 districts (Benin and Togo) between 2019 and 2020. Ticks were pooled into groups of 2–6 ticks per pool according to individual host, location, species and developmental stage. The DNA of each pool was extracted for molecular screening. Results PCR results revealed that 20 tick pools were positive for Bartonella spp. (Benin and Togo) and 23 tick pools positive for Rickettsia spp. (Benin), while all pools were negative for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi s.l. Sequence analysis of positive Rickettsia samples revealed the presence of Rickettsia aeschlimannii. Conclusions The present study highlights the presence of zoonotic agents in ticks collected from cattle in Benin and Togo. This information will raise awareness of tick‐borne diseases among physicians and veterinarians, stimulate further studies to monitor these pathogens, and advise on necessary measures to control the spread of these zoonoses