Dendritic cells: In the forefront of immunopathogenesis and vaccine development – A review

Dendritic cellls (DCs) comprise an essential component of the immune system. These cells, as antigen presenting cells (APCs) to naïve T cells, are crucial in the initiation of antigen specific immune responses. In the past years, several DC subsets have been identified in different organs which exert different effects in order to elicit adaptive immune responses. Thus, identification of such DC subsets has led to a better understanding of their distribution and function in the body. In this review, several key properties of the immunobiology, immunopathogenesis and vaccine strategies using DCs will be discussed

Identification of proteases employed by dendritic cells in the processing of protein purified derivative (PPD)

Dendritic cells (DC) are known to present exogenous protein Ag effectively to T cells. In this study we sought to identify the proteases that DC employ during antigen processing. The murine epidermal-derived DC line Xs52, when pulsed with PPD, optimally activated the PPD-reactive Th1 clone LNC.2F1 as well as the Th2 clone LNC.4k1, and this activation was completely blocked by chloroquine pretreatment. These results validate the capacity of XS52 DC to digest PPD into immunogenic peptides inducing antigen specific T cell immune responses. XS52 DC, as well as splenic DC and DCs derived from bone marrow degraded standard substrates for cathepsins B, C, D/E, H, J, and L, tryptase, and chymases, indicating that DC express a variety of protease activities. Treatment of XS52 DC with pepstatin A, an inhibitor of aspartic acid proteases, completely abrogated their capacity to present native PPD, but not trypsin-digested PPD fragments to Th1 and Th2 cell clones. Pepstatin A also inhibited cathepsin D/E activity selectively among the XS52 DC-associated protease activities. On the other hand, inhibitors of serine proteases (dichloroisocoumarin, DCI) or of cystein proteases (E-64) did not impair XS52 DC presentation of PPD, nor did they inhibit cathepsin D/E activity. Finally, all tested DC populations (XS52 DC, splenic DC, and bone marrow-derived DC) constitutively expressed cathepsin D mRNA. These results suggest that DC primarily employ cathepsin D (and perhaps E) to digest PPD into antigenic peptides

An investigation on the effect of central bank money injection on creating currency crisis

This paper investigates the effects of different factors influencing on supplement of currency in Iran and the likelihood of currency crises. The study implements two methods of Logit and Probit to determine the likelihood of currency crises based on the historical data over the period 1989-2012. In this study, currency crisis is defined in terms of three variables of currency change on market, interest rate and central bank foreign deposits. The results of the study indicate that the ratio of government (non-government) liabilities to central bank/Growth domestic product (GDP) has positive (negative) relationship with currency crises

Identifying and Ranking the Effective Factors in Attracting and Developing Public Participation in Iranian Public Libraries: Library Donors’ Perspective

This study investigated the factors contributing to the attraction and development of public participation in public libraries from the donors' perspective in the library building. In terms of the research objectives, the present study is exploratory research that was carried out using a mixed research method, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative part of the research, 15 active donors were interviewed using the targeted and snowball sampling technique. The research population in the quantitative part consisted of active donors of public libraries in Iran, and a questionnaire was distributed and collected among 246 of them. Inferential tests, including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were used for data analysis. Besides, spss22 and pls3.8 software were run for data analysis. Given the research findings, cultural, economic, social, and structural factors were identified as effective in attracting public participation. The results obtained from the confirmatory factor analysis showed that among the factors affecting the attraction of public participation in public libraries from the donors’ point of view, cultural factors with an impact factor of 0.868 had the highest impact, followed by economic factors with an impact factor of 0.845, respectively. Furthermore, social factors with an impact factor of 0.824 and structural factors with an impact factor of 0.628 were in the third and fourth priorities, respectively. Given the severe challenges of the financial resources of Iran's public libraries, it is quintessential to identify ways to attract more public and donors’ participation, to provide opportunities for participation in public libraries, and to promote this idea among other people. Utilizing donors' experiences in identifying the factors contributing to the attraction of public participation in public libraries can provide a suitable planning environment for the development of public participation in public libraries.https://dorl.net/dor/ 20.1001.1.20088302.2022.20.1.9.

EVALUATION OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FIELDS CULTURE, CAPABILITY, INFORMATION AND HUMAN RESOURCES OF YOUTH AND SPORT OFFICES OF WEST AZERBAIJAN PROVINCE

Management has a significant importance in sport organizations, specially, if it is accompanied with a strategic and program-oriented approach. Now in this progressing and developing world sport is not an exception, and many sport organizations are in rapid progress and in most cases the strategic approach of these organizations is the top priority. This study aims at evaluating the fields of strategic management in West Azarbaijan province offices of sport and youth. The subjects of the study are 47 managers and their assistants of W.Azarbaijan youth and sport offices. The tool of gathering data is a standard questionnaire which is made by Vic Gilgeous (improving strategic concerns).The method of descriptive research is a kind of analysis that, it is performed in a field study. For data analyzing, some parameters of descriptive and inferential statistics such as standard deviation, mean, frequency and some other like one sample t-test were used. The results show that the amount of realization of the culture, information and the strategic management resources in offices of youth and sports of W. Azerbaijan, are not in an appropriate condition (p < 0.05).So according to the results of the study we can deduce that the culture, information and strategic management resources in W. Azerbaijan offices of youth and sports, are significantly different with the society average and these fields need to be improved and strengthened

Major Congenital Metabolic Disorders in the First 12 years of Life in 79,100 Consecutively Born Children in Qazvin Province

ObjectiveDeficient enzyme activity may cause congenital metabolic defects. These defectsare inherited in an autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and X-linkedpatterns. This study was aimed at investigating the occurrence of metabolicdiseases in Qazvin Province.Materials & MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed on 79,100 children aged 12 years orless between 2000 and 2010. Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and allother essential information were assessed to precisely diagnose the metabolicdiseases. The sorted information on congenital metabolic defects of the patients,information included in a checklist, and data were analyzed usnig SPSS.ResultsA total of 57 metabolic disorders were recorded. The difference in the prevalenceof metabolic disorders between male (29 cases) and female (28 cases) wasnot statistically significant. The most frequent congenital metabolic disorderamong our patients was phenylketonuria (PKU; 5 per 1,000 cases), and the leastcommon disorder was galactosemia (3 per 1,000 cases).ConclusionTimely detection and management of congenital metabolic disorders canhelp save the affected children. Prenatal screening programs, molecular genetherapy, and counseling for consanguineous marriage can play important rolesin reducing the rate of metabolic disorders in this province.Keywords: Congenital metabolic disorders; prevalence; population; Qazvin  

Processing on recognition of FTIR-MSP alteration of Heart tissue during mice fetal life

Introduction: Understanding of fetus development is one of the most complicated with a great impact on Teratology. FTIR-MSP is among the most useful spectroscopy technique for biological and cellular application. In this project, various statistical calculations were used for recognition and discrimination of heart tissue spectra during 9.5-17.5 days of mice fetal life. Method and Results: The mice fetuses were dissected on day 9.5-17.5 of gestation and then fixed by fixative solution. Tissue sections (10 µm) were used for FTIR-MSP measurement in the wavenumber region of 4000-400 cm-1. Spectra were preceded by baseline correction, smoothing, deconvolution and 2nd derivatisation. PCA, ANN and SVM have been used to find the most relevant modifications in during fetus development. PCA with adjusting data mass and seven selected major PCs have been used to find the most relevant modifications in different steps of mice fetus heart tissue development and also BP-FF ANN and SVM classifications could diagnose different steps of development up to 96.3% and 92.59% respectively. Conclusions: PCA, ANN and SVM methods could classify and discriminate the FTIR spectroscopic data and can be as a new potential tool for the teratogenic investigations

The Effect of Two Types of Concurrent Training on Vo2max, Maximal Strength and Body Fat Percentage in Young Men

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two types of concurrent training on Vo2max, maximal strength and body fat percentage in young men. Methods: 39 healthy young men were randomly divided into three equal number groups (13 subjects/group) including; endurance-resistance concurrent training (ERCT), resistance-endurance concurrent training (RECT) and control (CON). The subjects of ERCT and RECT groups performed endurance and resistance training with the same intensity and duration three times a week for eight weeks. The endurance training program included aerobic training on treadmill from 55 % of maximum heart rate (HRmax) and 25min in the first two weeks to 85% HRmax and 45 minutes in the last two weeks. The resistance training program included free weight training with 50% of 1-RM in first two week to 80% in last two week. The time of training in endurance component was the same as the resistance component of concurrent training. CON group did not participate in any exercise training and did daily routine activities. Estimated VO2max and upper and lower extremities maximal strength and body fat percentage was measured before and 72h after the last training session. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures test was used for statistical analysis. The significant level was set at 0.05 in all statistical analysis. Results: The study results showed a significant increase in VO2max, body fat percentage, lower and upper extremities maximal strength in both ERCT and RECT groups when compared to baseline values (p≤0.05). However, no significant difference was found between the ERCT and RECT groups in any of variables (P≤0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, endurance training before resistance or vice versa during concurrent training did not have significant effect on aerobic power, maximal strength and body fat percentage of untrained healthy men

A study on prevalence of some helminthic infections of the liver and lungs among ruminants in abattoir of Fars province, Iran

Zoonotic helminths are often transmitted to humans through domestic animals. This retrospective study was performed to estimate the prevalence of some important zoonotic helminthic infections of the liver and lung including echinococcosis, fasciolosis and dicrocoeliasis in Kazerun and Shiraz abattoirs, Fars, Iran, during 2011-2013. A total of 12381 sheep, 6473 cattle, 22847 goats, 66 camels, and 10 buffalos were analyzed with regard to liver and lung helminthic infections including hydatidosis, fasciolosis, and dicrocoeliasis in Kazerun, during March 2011-January 2013. Moreover, 121100 sheep, 23515 cattle, 81293 goats, and 69 camels were investigated for the mentioned infections in Shiraz abattoir during one year since March 2012. Kazerun abattoir: The prevalence rates of liver hydatid cysts were 0.86, 2.1, 0.76, and 15.1 in sheep, cattle, goats, and camels, respectively, whereas the prevalence rates of pulmonary hydatid cysts were 0.89, 2.36, 0.9, and 16.6 in the mentioned animals, respectively. Fasciolosis was detected in 0.33, 1.65, and 0.24 of condemnation livers of sheep, cattle, and goats, respectively. However, dicrocoeliasis was just prevalent in 0.004 of goat livers. Shiraz abattoir: the prevalence rates of liver hydatid cysts were 3.44, 3.12, 2.94, and 2.9 in slaughtered sheep, cattle, goats, and camels, respectively. In addition, 4.54, 4.33, 4, and 4.35 of the lung of the mentioned animals were infected with hydatid cysts, respectively. Prevalence rates of Fasciola spp in slaughtered sheep and cattle were 2.49 and 1.86, respectively, and rate of D. dendriticum infection in slaughtered sheep, cattle, and goats were 0.026, 0.91, and 4, respectively. As compared with reports from other studies, it seems that Fars is among the low-endemic regions regarding this type of infection. © 2016 by Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute

The response of pre-inflammatory cytokines factors to different exercises (endurance, resistance, concurrent) in overweight men

Applying several energy systems and concurrent performing of various training models have a more effective role in preventing precocious occurrence of many diseases compared to training single energy system. This can be seen in case of physiologic and metabolic adaptations of the human body too. The present study attempted to investigate the effect of endurance, resistance and concurrent (endurance–resistance) training on pre-inflammatory cytokines in overweight men. Accordingly, 43 healthy overweight (BMI = 28.56± 2.67) young (23.7± 3.3 yr) students were volunteered to participate and randomly divided into three experimental (n= 11) and one control (n= 10) groups. The experimental groups performed 3 days/wk endurance, resistance and concurrent training for 8 weeks. Also, prior to and after the training, a blood sample was collected from the subjects in order to measure pre-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-a). Following 8 week training, repeated measure ANOVA results showed a significant difference in IL-1b (P =0.046) and IL-6 (P = 0.009) compared to baseline. However, this was not the case with the TNF-a. Furthermore, between group comparisons showed significant difference in IL-6 (P =0.020) between endurance and resistance groups. Within group comparisons (depended t student test) also showed a significant difference in IL-1b and IL-6 of endurance and concurrent groups compared to baseline. Generally, it can be concluded that endurance and concurrent exercise training in part has a positive effect on pre-inflammatory cytokines