Diversification of myco-heterotrophic angiosperms: evidence from Burmanniaceae.

Background - Myco-heterotrophy evolved independently several times during angiosperm evolution. Although many species of myco-heterotrophic plants are highly endemic and long-distance dispersal seems unlikely, some genera are widely dispersed and have pantropical distributions, often with large disjunctions. Traditionally this has been interpreted as evidence for an old age of these taxa. However, due to their scarcity and highly reduced plastid genomes our understanding about the evolutionary histories of the angiosperm myco-heterotrophic groups is poor. Results - We provide a hypothesis for the diversification of the myco-heterotrophic family Burmanniaceae. Phylogenetic inference, combined with biogeographical analyses, molecular divergence time estimates, and diversification analyses suggest that Burmanniaceae originated in West Gondwana and started to diversify during the Late Cretaceous. Diversification and migration of the species-rich pantropical genera Burmannia and Gymnosiphon display congruent patterns. Diversification began during the Eocene, when global temperatures peaked and tropical forests occurred at low latitudes. Simultaneous migration from the New to the Old World in Burmannia and Gymnosiphon occurred via boreotropical migration routes. Subsequent Oligocene cooling and breakup of boreotropical flora ended New-Old World migration and caused a gradual decrease in diversification rate in Burmanniaceae. Conclusion - Our results indicate that extant diversity and pantropical distribution of myco-heterotrophic Burmanniaceae is the result of diversification and boreotropical migration during the Eocene when tropical rain forest expanded dramaticall

The utilisation of aerial photography and laser scanning in BIM modelling

The use of BIM model in the designing process of new buildings has been growing significantly. The reasons for this growth can be found in the increased productivity and improved information sharing. The model can be used to create all plans, sections and elevations necessary on the construction site without the need of drawing them all independently. To use the benefits of BIM modelling in projects containing existing buildings, the existing building has to be modelled. This is done by using scan-to-BIM, which uses point clouds. These point clouds can be created using 3D-laser scanning and/or aerial photography. Laser scanning is the best way to document the indoor environment of a building. Documenting the outdoor environment of a building using laser scanning can pose its challenges, especially for the roof. Using aerial photography is a solution, this uses close range-photogrammetry where photos can be used to construct a 3D model when objects are visible in multiple photos. Combining both point clouds to a single point cloud is possible by georeferencing both clouds, using the coordinates of the targets from the scanning and the ground control points of the aerial photography. Working in a point cloud has limited possibilities so converting the point cloud to a BIM model opens up these possibilities. The geometry inside the model is clearer and information can be added. This is done by using BIM software such as Autodesk Revit and modelling walls, doors and windows where the scans show them. This manual process is time-consuming and can be facilitated by using a special point cloud to BIM conversion software, which helps with the placement of walls and detects wall thickness. In order to test this kind of software, a model was made of an old train station in Tampere which will be moved in the summer of 2020. The building was scanned and aerial photographs were available. These scans and aerial photographs were used to make a single point cloud, which was then used to model the building in Revit using the Faro As-Built software as a tool