Civilize Them with Indian Boarding Schools

Indigenous communities continue to be pressured to conform to Anglo-American culture. Through the use of Indian boarding schools, Indigenous communities were interrupted in a myriad of detrimental ways related to their culture, especially in regard to intergenerational cultural continuance

Effects of Mosquito Control Chemicals on Aquatic Fauna

No mosquito abatement districts have ever been organized in Arkansas. Mosquito control efforts have been largely adulticiding operations by either aerial application or ground thermal fogging machines. Practically no chemical applications have been directed at the larval stage in residual water in ditches and depressions from which adult populations arise. Some larviciding with ethyl parathion has been done in ricefields. Although the treatment is very effective in mosquito reduction, voluntary treatment has not been completely successful. Because relatively little insecticide has been used as a larvicide in Arkansas, it was possible to evaluate the effect of recommended larvicides on non-target organisms in the aquatic environment. A developing mosquito control demonstration program in the rice-producing area provided the study site

A case for oil?

Petroleum products - Prices ; Petroleum industry and trade

Fair water in a changing climate

Climate change will heavily impact on water and aggravate existing inequalities. These inequalities result importantly, but not exclusively, from actual physical shortages of water. Quite often, they are also the result of social conditions. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) repeatedly address the issue of water (such as SDG 2, 6 or 14). This paper deals with normative standards for a fair distribution of water. By going so, it is critical and constructive contribution to the debate about water invigorated by the SDGs. It aims to identify potential injustices (critical) and argues for more just solutions in the face of changing environmental conditions (constructive). The paper starts by outlining that the aim of sustainable development is about safeguarding the right to live in dignity for all present and future generations. Moreover, it obligates that the natural and social preconditions for such a life are to be protected and supported. Yet, the difficulty in protecting a life of dignity lies in defining it by way of universalistic ethical principles without ignoring the diversity of particular ways of living it. This is why this paper, secondly, draws on the deontological approach by the social ethicist Alan Gewirth in order to determine what people need to live a life of dignity. Moreover, the paper applies these insights to water and water governance. Finally, it will briefly discuss implications for a fair distribution of water after the adoption of the SDGs and Paris

Translating and (re)constructing the self in a different language: exploring the language memoirs "Lost in translation" by Eva Hoffman and "Heading south, looking north" by Ariel Dorman

Ph.D. Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011This thesis investigates the trope of ‘lost in translation’ with regard to immersion in another language and aims to show that the notion requires revisiting in order to test the validity of the contention of irretrievable loss and lack in self-translation. Exploring the language memoirs Lost in Translation by Eva Hoffman and Heading South, Looking North by Ariel Dorfman, the research shows that whilst there is indeed substantial loss, disorientation and estrangement involved in transferring the self into another language and culture, valuable gains and positive personal growth nevertheless emerge. Primarily the thesis examines how, due to the role of language and culture in the formation of the self, the process entails translation and (re)construction of the self, which inevitably involves modification. In language memoirs the inherent properties of autobiographical writing add another dimension to this translation. In this way, given the multifaceted and fluid nature of identity, the process of self-translation attests to the potential limitlessness of identity and is presented as a heightened version of standard identity dilemmas and the lifelong construction of the self. In the knowledge of their complexity and the need for continual revision of the self, Hoffman and Dorfman recognise the misplaced nostalgia for a fixed and cohesive self, and embrace the wider access to identity options and means of expression that living with more than one language allows them. Enhanced self-consciousness, expanded perspectives and further aspects of the self that are revealed in the new language lead to personal growth as well as fuel creativity, serving as an impetus for writing. These authors are therefore not only ‘lost in translation’ but also ‘found’ and principally ‘altered’. The notion of ‘lost in translation’ is thus established as insufficient in describing the experience of the self in language memoirs, and the rewriting of the self in another language rather necessitates a theory of overriding transformation that acknowledges both losses and gains. Translation of the self thus unfolds as a metamorphosis that does not replace one self with another but instead embraces aspects of both languages and constructs a palimpsest-like interlayering of a multidimensional identity

Multivariate phase type distributions - Applications and parameter estimation

Den bedst kendte univariate sandsynlighedsfordeling er normalfordelingen. Den er grundigt beskrevet i litteraturen inden for et bredt felt af anvendelsesområder. I de tilfælde, hvor det ikke er meningsfuldt at anvende normalfordelingen, findes alternative sandsynlighedsfordelinger som alle er godt beskrevet; mange af disse tilhører klassen af fasetypefordelinger. Fasetypefordelinger har adskillige fordele. De er alsidige forstået på den måde, at de kan benyttes til at tilnærme en vilkårlig sandsynlighedsfordeling defineret på den positive reelle akse. Der eksisterer generelle probabilistiske resultater for hele klassen af fasetypefordelinger, hvilket bidrager til anvendelsen af forskellige estimeringsmetoder på enten klassen af fasetypefordelinger eller dens delklasser. Disse egenskaber gør klassen af fasetypefordelinger til et interessant alternativ til normalfordelingen.Når det kommer til multivariate problemer, så er den multivariate normalfordeling den eneste generelle fordeling, der tillader parameterestimering og statistisk inferens. Desværre er kendskabet til egenskaberne af den multivariate fasetypefordeling stærk begrænset. Resultaterne for parameterestimering og inferensteori for den univariate fasetypefordeling indikerer et potentiale for lignende gode resultater for klassen af multivariate fasetypefordelinger. Mit ph.d.-studium var en del afWork Package 3 i UNITE-projektet. UNITEprojektet arbejder mod det overordnede mål at forbedre kvaliteten af beslutningsgrundlaget for projekter. Dette gøres ved at reducere systematisk model bias og ved at beskrive og reducere model usikkerheder generelt. Forskning har vist, at afvigelsen fra omkostningsestimater for infrastrukturprojekter tydeligvis ikke er normaltfordelt men i stedet hælder mod budgetoverskridelser. Denne skævhed kan beskrives med fasetypefordelinger. Cost-benefit-analyser bruges til at evaluere potentielle fremtidige projekter og til at udvikle pålidelige omkostningsvurderinger. Successiv Princippet er en gruppebaseret analysemetode, der primært bruges til at prædiktere omkostninger og varighed af mellem til store projekter. Vi mener, at den matematiske modellering, der ligger til grund for Successiv Princippet, kan forbedres. Vi foreslår derfor en ny tilgang til modellering af den samlede varighed af et projekt ved hjælp af univariate fasetypefordelinger. Den matematiske model er dernæst udvidet til også at beskrive korrelationen mellem projektvarighed og omkostninger nu baseret på bivariate fasetypefordelinger. Vores model kan anvendes til at forbedre estimater for varighed og omkostninger, og derved hjælpe projekters beslutningstagere til at træffe en optimal beslutning.Det arbejde, jeg har udført som en del af mit ph.d.-studium, sigtede efter at belyse klassen af multivariate fasetypefordelinger. Denne afhandling indeholder analytiske og numeriske resultater for parameterestimering og inferensteori for en gruppe af multivariate fasetypefordelinger. Resultaterne kan betragtes som et første skridt i retning af en mere tilbundsgående forståelse af multivariate fasetypefordelinger. Vi er imidlertid langt fra at have afdækket det fulde potentiale af generelle fasetypefordelinger. En dybere forståelse af multivariate fasetypefordelinger vil åbne op for et bredt felt af anvendelsesområder.Afhandlingen består af en opsummerende rapport og to videnskabelige artikler. Det bagvedliggende arbejde var udført i perioden 2010 til 2014.The best known univariate probability distribution is the normal distribution. It is used throughout the literature in a broad field of applications. In cases where it is not sensible to use the normal distribution alternative distributions are at hand and well understood, many of these belonging to the class of phase type distributions. Phase type distributions have several advantages. They are versatile in the sense that they can be used to approximate any given probability distribution on the positive reals. There exist general probabilistic results for the entire class of phase type distributions, allowing for different estimation methods for the whole class or subclasses of phase type distributions. These attributes make this class of distributions an interesting alternative to the normal distribution. When facing multivariate problems, the only general distribution that allows for estimation and statistical inference, is the multivariate normal distribution. Unfortunately only little is known about the general class of multivariate phase type distribution. Considering the results concerning parameter estimation and inference theory of univariate phase type distributions, the class of multivariate phase type distributions shows potential for similar great results.My PhD studies were part of the the work package 3 of the UNITE project. The overall goal of the UNITE project is to improve the decision support prior to deciding on a project by reducing systematic model bias and by quantifying and reducing model uncertainties.Research has shown that the errors on cost estimates for infrastructure projects clearly do not follow a normal distribution but is skewed towards cost overruns. This skewness can be described using phase type distributions. Cost benefit analysis assesses potential future projects and depend on reliable cost estimates. The Successive Principle is a group analysis method primarily used for analyzing medium to large projects in relation to cost or duration. We believe that the mathematical modeling used in the Successive Principle can be improved. We suggested a novel approach for modeling the total duration of a project using a univariate phase type distribution. The model is then extended to catch the correlation between duration and cost estimates using a bivariate phase type distribution. The use of our model can improve estimates for duration and costs and therefore help project management to make the optimal decisions. The work conducted during my PhD studies aimed at shedding light on the class of multivariate phase type distributions. This thesis contains analytical and numerical results for parameter estimations and inference theory for a family of multivariate phase type distributions. The results can be used as a stepping stone towards understanding multivariate phase type distributions better. However, we are far from uncovering the full potential of general multivariate phase type distributions. Deeper understanding of multivariate phase type distributions will open up a broad field of research areas they can be applied to.This thesis consists of a summary report and two research papers. The work was carried out in the period 2010 - 2014

Employment in major cities in the district slumps relative to the rest of the country

Federal Reserve District, 8th ; Employment

Remembering rebellion

The state of Oaxaca has always held a distinct position in Mexico: Not only is it among the poorest, but its population is also considered to be particularly combative. It therefore does not seem surprising that the state harbors the most prominent and vocal union section of the teachers’ union SNTE and the dissident teachers’ movement CNTE. The power and influence of the Sección 22 reach beyond the limits of educational matters and the schools and into state politics, affecting the lives of many Oaxacans — also due to frequent street blockades and strikes that lead to educational deficits for children. The teachers’ embeddedness in society and their narrative of protest sets their struggle in the context of the defense of the entire Mexican people’s rights and in the idea of the state’s cultural heritage. The result is an outstandingly strong social movement, apparently organizing in protest as a reflex against government policies, even when these aim at a long-necessary democratization. Susanne Meisch completed her bachelor’s and master’s degree in American Studies at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich and obtained her doctorate in the program “Class of Culture and History. American History – History of the Americas” at the Graduate School Language & Literature. Since 2016, she has been working in science management and in 2021 became Head of the university’s Writing Center. Furthermore, she works as a freelancer in a variety of projects

Physical, Chemical, and Biological Controls: Modern and Future Approaches to Mosquito Control

Effective mosquito management depends on a blending of many techniques. The primary technologies available are physical, chemical, and biological; and their continued improved usage is demanded. Chemicals are more contemporary. Modern organic insecticides were first used in 1943 with the advent of DDT usage. The judicious use of pesticides remains imperative in control methodology. However, a program optimizing non-chemical applications offers the best method for long-term success. A systems approach is needed regardless of strategies used. Basing strategies on objectives differs according to objectives of disease, annoyance, or livestock protection. The strategy is predicated on knowledge of the biology of specific species involved; no one set of strategies applies to all species