Analysis of October 23 (Mw 7.2) and November 9 (Mw 5.6), 2011 Van Earthquakes Using Long-Term GNSS Time Series

The eastern Anatolia provides one of the best examples of an area of rapid deformation and intense contraction that is the consequence of an active continental collision between the Arabian and Eurasian plates leading to large and devastating earthquakes. The latest evidence of the active tectonism in the region is revealed by two remarkable seismic events; Van-Tabanli (Mw 7.2, October 23, 2011) and Van-Edremit (Mw 5.6, November 9, 2011) earthquakes. The study of the earthquake cycle and observation of geodetic and seismic deformation in this region is very important to hazard assessments. In this study, the inter-seismic, co-seismic, and post-seismic movements caused by the above-mentioned earthquakes were investigated using the time series of 2300 days of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) observations of the local stations selected from the network of the Continuously Operating Reference Stations, Turkey (CORS-TR). For the inter-seismic period, approximately 1100 daily data were obtained from 21 CORS-TR stations (prior to the earthquakes between October 1, 2008 and October 23, 2011) and evaluated using the GAMIT/GLOBK software. The behaviour of these stations was investigated by processing 1 Hz data from the GNSS stations during the earthquakes on the GAMIT/TRACK software. In addition to October 23 and November 9, the GNSS data on one day before and after the earthquakes was assessed to determine co-seismic deformations. During the October 23 earthquake, hanging-wall deformation of about 60 mm was detected in the SW direction at the MURA station. However, at the VAAN station, deformation of 200 mm (value predicted by time series) was observed in the footwall block in the NW direction. There were not any significant changes at the stations during the November 9 earthquake. For the post-seismic period, the GNSS data from 2012 to 2015 was evaluated. According to the observations, post-seismic deformation continued at the stations close to the epicenter of the earthquake.Anatolia oriental provee uno de los mejores ejemplos de un área de rápida deformación e intensa contracción, consecuencia de una colisión continental activa entre la placa Arábiga y la Euroasiática, lo que causa grandes y devastadores terremotos. Dos notables terremotos son evidencia de la actividad tectónica de la región: los terremotos Van-Tabanli (7.2 Mw. 23 de octubre de 2011) y Van-Edremit (5.6 Mw, 9 de noviembre de 2011). El estudio del ciclo sísmico y la observación de las deformaciones geodésicas y sísmicas en esta región es fundamental para la evaluación de riesgo. En este estudio, se investiga las fases inter-, co- y post-sísmicas asociados a estos terremotos a través de 2300 días de observaciones del Sistema Global de Navegación por Satélite (GNSS, por sus siglas en inglés) de estaciones locales seleccionadas de la red de Estaciones de Referencia de Funcionamiento Continuo en Turquía (CORS-TR). Para el periodo intersísmico se obtuvieron aproximadamente 1100 datos diarios de 21 estaciones CORS-TR (anteriores a los terremotos entre el 1 de octubre de 2008 y el 23 de octubre de 2011) y evaluados con el software GAMIT/GBLOK. El comportamiento co-sísmico fue investigado procesando datos de 1 Hz de las estaciones GNSS durante los terremotos en el software GAMIT/TRACK. Adicionalmente se evaluaron datos del GNSS un día antes y un día después de los terremotos para determinar las deformaciones cosísmicas. Durante el terremoto del 23 de octubre, en el bloque colgante se detectó una deformación de 60 mm en dirección SW (estación MURA). En la estación VAAN en el bloque yacente se observó una deformación de 200 mm en dirección NW (valor predicho por series temporales). Durtante el terremoto del 9 de Noviembre no se observó cambios significativos. Para la fase post-sísmica se evaluaron los datos de la GNSS del 2012 al 2015. Según las observaciones, la deformación postsísmica continuó en las estaciones cercanas al epicentro del terremoto

Spontaneous recovery of post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea following meningitis: A case report

The aim of the present report was to present the patient with an anterior cranial base fracture who developed post-traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, which recovered after onset of meningitis complication. A 26-year-old male patient who had a traffic accident one week ago was sent to our clinic because of his rhinorrhea persisting for 4 days. On cranial computed tomography, fracture of the left frontal skull base and sinus walls, a fracture line on temporal bone, parenchymal bleeding in the vicinity of the frontal sinus, subarachnoidal bleeding and left temporal extradural hematoma were detected. Then he underwent sinus wall repair and extradural hematoma was drained through bifrontal craniotomy. However, rhinorrhea persisted which resulted a deterioration in consciousness and he entered into a deep somnolent state. When his symptoms of meningitis became apparent, rhinorrhea of the patient disappeared. The patient transferred in intensive care unit and re-connected to a lumbar drainage system. On cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, regression of contrast-enhanced lesions localized in the left anterotemporal and frontal and in the regions lateral to the right trigon and medial to the right thalamus and in the right posteroparietal regions was observed. Despite repair of the anterior cranial fracture and lumbar drainage, rhinorrhea may persist. Herein, development of meningitis caused disappearing of rhinorrhea symptoms without any need for surgical intervention

Distal Tibial Reconstruction with Use of a Circular External Fixator and an Intramedullary Nail

BACKGROUND: Distal tibial reconstruction with use of an external fixator when there is bone loss, limb-length discrepancy, and/or ankle instability is associated with many problems. The technique of limb-lengthening, ankle arthrodesis, and segmental transfer over an intramedullary nail has been introduced to overcome these problems. The present study investigates this combined technique

Comparative clinical study on deformity correction accuracy of different external fixators

Purpose In this study, the correction accuracy of Smart Correction spatial fixators and of Ilizarov-type external fixators are compared in terms of deformity complexity

Indirect reduction of the radial head using an external fixator to treat chronic radial head dislocations

Objectives: We evaluated the results of indirect reduction of the radial head via a circular external fixator in pediatric patients with unilateral chronic radial head dislocation

Comparison of three different treatment modalities in the management of humeral shaft nonunions (plates, unilateral, and circular external fixators)

Objectives: To compare 3 different fixation methods for the treatment of humeral shaft nonunions in terms of union time, functional outcome, and complications