Trends in Woody Biomass Utilization in Turkish Forestry

This study aims to provide information to all stakeholders and present an analysis of the trends in the biomass utilization for bioenergy generation to the forestry sector. The analysis focuses on forest resources, production and consumption of wood products, actual situation and trends in the bioenergy sector and forest services. One of the major challenges faced by the Turkish forestry sector is to meet the increasing demand for wood raw material in the wood products industry taking into consideration the trends in the bioenergy sector to promote the renewable energy sources. Therefore, another objective of the study is to determine the available biomass and to reveal its estimated theoretical potential as energy wood. Two projections were performed by using a scenario-based analysis (pessimistic and optimistic projections for bioenergy) of woody biomass supply based on the existing databases, outlook studies, financial balance sheets and progress in renewable energy generation. Special attention was paid to the impact of the forest industry factors that determine the woody biomass potential and to the gaps and uncertainties in the current situation. Consequently, it was found that the bioenergy production based on woody biomass has not been developed yet, although there was 1,494.5 million m of growing stock in nearly 21.7 million ha of forestland, in Turkey. However, the total amount of industrial roundwood production increased by approximately 2.12 fold while the fiber chip board production increased by 29 times in the Turkish forestry sector in the last three decades. Surprisingly, the traditional fuelwood production decreased by 69%. The findings reveal that fiber chip board industry is a competitor to the bioenergy sector and it seems to become an obstacle to the modern utilization of woody biomass for energy in near future. As the wood products favored by the forest industry sector, it can be assumed that logging residues will become a primary source of bioenergy without compromising the supply of the industrial roundwood and fuelwood. The estimated theoretical biomass potential that was only obtained from the logging residues and did not include secondary and tertiary wood residues and waste was estimated to be equivalent to 3.5–5.5 million tons according to the short-scale scenarios

Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Utilization of Logging Residues for Bioenergy in Turkey

Although using logging residues for bioenergy is not a new issue for countries such as Sweden, Finland, Austria, Germany, etc. that are developed in terms of forestry, it is a new issue that requires studying for countries such as Turkey. This study investigates the views of forest engineers working in forest enterprises, researchers working in forestry research institutes and academicians working at universities concerning the use of logging residues for bioenergy that are not currently used in energy production. Within the framework of the study, a questionnaire was sent out to 181 forest engineers, 77 academic staff members and 29 research institute employees, a total of 287 respondents. According to the results of the study, logging residues that are either left in the forest floor or collected by forest villagers for the purpose of fire wood have a favorable potential for energy and forestry if they are used in bioenergy production. Thus, the issue is substantial and of primary importance for Turkey. On the other hand, there are barriers in developing bioenergy sector and using logging residues for this purpose. In order to remove these barriers, first of all, forestry administration should clarify its strategies and policies related to the issue

THE EFFECT OF TEACHERS' WORK-LIFE BALANCE ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR

The role of teachers in the education of the desired quality cannot be denied. The behaviors that teachers will exhibit within the organization are important. However, it is thought that life at work and outside of work also affects these behaviors. The research was conducted with a quantitative approach and organizational citizenship behaviors and work-life balance levels were determined from the teachers' point of view. In addition to this, analyzes were conducted to what extent work-life balances predicted organizational citizenship behaviors. The research was conducted in relational survey model. The sample of the study consists of 535 teachers working in public, kindergarten, primary, secondary and high schools in Ödemiş district of İzmir. In the study, “Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale” and “Work-Life Balance Scale" were used. As a result of the research, the levels of organizational citizenship behavior of teachers are positive but not very high. Work-life balance levels are moderate. No correlation was found between teachers' general work-life balance and organizational citizenship behaviors. However, very low level correlation was found between some sub-dimensions of work-life balance and organizational citizenship behavior. It was revealed that work-life balance’s “neglecting life” sub-dimension positively low level, “allocating self-time” and “life consisting of work” sub-dimensions negatively low level predicted organizational citizenship behavior. From this point of view, although there is no direct effect of work-life balance in general, it shows that other conceptual variables that affect sub-dimensions may have a greater impact on organizational citizenship behavior and the need to investigate the effects of these concepts.  Article visualizations

Tamamlayıcı Fonksiyonlar Metodu İle Üniform Olmayan Kesite Sahip Çubuğun Zorlanmış Titreşim Analizi

Konferans Bildirisi -- Teorik ve Uygulamalı Mekanik Türk Milli Komitesi, 2015Conference Paper -- Theoretical and Applied Mechanical Turkish National Committee, 2015Sürekli sistem olarak modellenen eksenel yüklenmiş değişken kesitli bir çubuğun elastik davranış problemi analiz edilmiştir. Bu problemi modelleyen diferansiyel denklemlere Laplace dönüşümü uygulanarak zamandan bağımsız sınır değer problemi eksenel koordinatlarda elde edilmiş daha sonra bu problem tamamlayıcı fonksiyonlar metodu (TFM) tarafından çözülmüştür. Sayısal olarak çözülen denklemler Durbin’in sayısal ters dönüşümünü yardımıyla zaman uzayına dönüştürülmüştür. Her bir yükleme tipi ve inhomojenlik parametresi için elde edilen sayısal sonuçlar, analitik sonuçlar ve ANSYS sonuçları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu birleşik yöntem, iyi yapılandırılmış, basit ve etkili bir yöntemdir.The axial vibration problem formulation and solution of a nonuniform rod modeled as a continuous system were analyzed. By applying Laplace transformation to the differential equations that model to this problem, time independent boundary value problems were obtained in the axial coordinates, then this problem is solved by the complementary functions method. The equations solved numerically is converted into time space with the help of Durbin's numerical inverse transformation. The numerical results that obtained for each load type and inhomogeneity parameter were compared with analytical and ANSYS results in the literature. This unified method is well-structured, simple and efficient

Hafif elektrikli araç için FDAM tasarım ve uygulaması

The popularity of electrical vehicles is increasing rapidly in recent years due to energy generation/consumption ratio, transportation costs, decrease in fossil fuel reserves with increasing population as well as the environmental damage caused by fossil fuels. Therefore, Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) Motor design was actualized in the present study for use in electrical vehicles expected to replace the transportation vehicles of today. Firstly, analytical design of the targeted motor was completed after which the Finite Elements Method was used for modelling. Ansys Maxwell Program is one of the package programs used in FEM. This study was carried out with Ansys Maxwell Electromagnetic Suite version 17.2 . The prototype motor was manufactured after reaching the desired results with Finite Elements Method and experimental studies commenced with the experiment setup prepared in the laboratory environment. Experimental results were compared with electromagnetic results. Finally, the prototype motor was mounted on the ElektroGOP vehicle and it was observed to work without problem at the expected performance during the test drives.Son yıllarda artan nüfusla birlikte enerji üretim/tüketim oranı, ulaşım giderleri, fosil yakıt rezervlerinin azalması ve fosil yakıtların çevreye verdikleri zararlar gibi başlıca etkenler sebebiyle elektrikli araçların popülaritesi hızlı bir şekilde artmaktadır. Dolasıyla elektrikli araç ve ekipmanları üzerine yapılan çalışmalar da artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada günümüz ulaşım araçlarının yerini alan elektrikli araçlarda kullanılması hedeflenen Fırçasız Doğru Akım Motor (FDAM) tasarımı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Öncelikle hedeflenen motorun analitik tasarımı yapılarak Sonlu Elemanlar Yöntemi (SEY) ile modellemesi yapılmıştır. Ansys Maxwell Programı SEY'de kullanılan paket programlardan biridir. Bu çalışma Ansys Maxwell Elektromanyetik Suite 17.2 versiyonu ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. SEY ile hedeflenen sonuçlara ulaşıldıktan sonra motorun protorip üretimi gerçekleştirilmiş ve prototip motorun, laboratuvar ortamında hazırlanan deney düzeneği ile deneysel çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Deneysel sonuçlar elektromanyetik sonuçlarla karşılaştırılmıştır. Son olarak prototip motor ElektroGOP aracına monte edilmiş ve sürüş denemelerinde motorun hedeflenen performansta ve sorunsuz şekilde çalıştığı görülmüştür

Stakeholders’ Perspectives on Utilization of Logging Residues for Bioenergy in Turkey

Although using logging residues for bioenergy is not a new issue for countries such as Sweden, Finland, Austria, Germany, etc. that are developed in terms of forestry, it is a new issue that requires studying for countries such as Turkey. This study investigates the views of forest engineers working in forest enterprises, researchers working in forestry research institutes and academicians working at universities concerning the use of logging residues for bioenergy that are not currently used in energy production. Within the framework of the study, a questionnaire was sent out to 181 forest engineers, 77 academic staff members and 29 research institute employees, a total of 287 respondents. According to the results of the study, logging residues that are either left in the forest floor or collected by forest villagers for the purpose of fire wood have a favorable potential for energy and forestry if they are used in bioenergy production. Thus, the issue is substantial and of primary importance for Turkey. On the other hand, there are barriers in developing bioenergy sector and using logging residues for this purpose. In order to remove these barriers, first of all, forestry administration should clarify its strategies and policies related to the issue

Developments, issues and solution ways in the sustainable forest management: example of Isparta regional directorate of forestry

Ülkemizde geleneksel ormancılık amaç, strateji ve politikaları sürdürülebilir orman yönetimi çerçevesinde revize edildikten sonra, konuya ilişkin atılan ilk somut adım izleme çalışmaları için gerekli olan ölçüt ve gösterge setinin belirlenmesi olmuştur. Günümüzde bir taraftan mevcut ölçüt ve gösterge setine göre izleme çalışmalarına devam edilirken; diğer taraftan da Bölge Müdürlüklerince tespit edilen bazı sorunlarının giderilmesine yönelik projeler geliştirilmekte ve sürdürülebilir orman yönetiminin ekolojik, ekonomik ve sosyal boyutlarının kesişim kümesinde bu projeler uygulamaya aktarılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu bildiride (Isparta Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü örneği ile), 2006 yılında başlatılan ve bu yıl Orman Bölge Müdürlüklerince ikincileri düzenlenen Sürdürülebilir Orman Yönetimi Çalıştayları’nda öne çıkan görüşlerin irdelenmesi/paylaşımı, Orman işletmelerinin kendi kurumsal sürekliliklerini sağlamak amacıyla uygulamak istedikleri bazı projelerin sürdürülebilir orman yönetimi kapsamında irdelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.After traditional forestry goals, strategies, and policy of Turkish Forestry had been revised in sustainable forest management concept, determining criteria and indicators set required for monitoring was the first concrete step. Nowadays, while monitoring activity is sustained according to current criteria and indicators set, on the other hand, some projects has been developed to be mitigated some problems belonging to Regional Directorate of Forestry. Then, the projects have been tried to application in the conjunction with ecological, economical, and societal dimension of sustainable forest management. In this paper, via of Isparta Regional Directorate of Forestry, Discussing and displaying of forwarding the ideas exposed from sustainable forest management workshop that had started in 2006 year and was organized second time in every Regional Directorate of Forestry, this year. It was objected to be discussed that some projects of forest enterprises which wants to do apply in order to provide own institutional sustainabilit

Procjena aktivnosti sanacijske sječe nakon požara u mediteranskom području Turske

Various problems such as massive volume loss, erosion, degradation of water resources, and air pollution emerge after forest fire incidents. Thus, necessary forest operations should be quickly planned and implemented after forest fires so that afforestation activities can take place immediately to maintain forest vegetation in burned areas. The aim of this study was developing a Post-fire Action Planning (PFAP) model to minimize the time spent on salvage logging activities. PFAP model will assist decision makers for removing salvage timber in a timely manner after large scale forest fires, while considering economic and environmental constraints, and dealing with available employment conditions in local forest industry. The capabilities of this model were examined by standardizing the operational planning and developing a fast decision-making process. The model was implemented in Taşağıl Forest Enterprise Chiefs (FEC) of Antalya Forest Regional Directorate where the forests are sensitivity to fire at the first degree level and the second largest forest fire in the history of Turkish Forestry occurred in this area in 2008. The findings of PFAP model were compared with the data of actual salvage logging operation obtained from the FEC. The results indicated that using operational planning based PFAP model is capable of reducing total time spent on salvage logging operation by about 60%. Based on the forestry compartments of the study area, estimated durations of salvage logging operations were 15 to 75 days less than that of actual operations taken place in the field. Therefore, it is highly anticipated that using operational planning based PFAP model has great potential to provide economically and environmentally sound forest operations after forest fires.Nakon šumskih požara nastaju različiti problemi, kao što je velik gubitak drvne mase, erozije tla, degradacija pitkih izvora vode te onečišćenje zraka. Neophodno je kvalitetno i učinkovito isplanirati i implementirati potrebne šumske operacije nakon šumskog požara, kako bi se odmah moglo započeti s pošumljavanjem u svrhu održanja šumske vegetacije u izgorenim područjima. Cilj ovoga istraživanja je bio razvoj modela planiranja aktivnosti nakon požara, kako bi se smanjilo vrijeme utrošeno na aktivnosti sanitarne sječe. Model planiranja aktivnosti nakon požara pomoći će donositeljima odluka u pravovremenom uklanjanju saniranih debla nakon velikih šumskih požara, uzimajući u obzir ekonomska i ekološka ograničenja te rješavajući mogućnost zapošljavanja u lokalnoj drvnoj industriji. Mogućnosti ovoga modela provjerene su pomoću standardizacije operativnog planiranja i razvoja procesa brzog donošenja odluka. Model je implementiran u šumariji Taşağıl Regionalne uprave za šume Antalya, gdje su šume svrstane u prvi stupanj opasnosti od požara te se drugi najveći šumski požar u povijesti Turske uprave za šume dogodio upravo na ovome području 2008. godine. Rezultati ovoga modela uspoređeni su s podatcima stvarnih sanacijskih sječa dobivenih od šumarija. Rezultati su pokazali da se korištenjem operativnog planiranja temeljem modela planiranja aktivnosti nakon požara može smanjiti ukupno vrijeme utrošeno na sanacijske sječe za 60%. S obzirom na različite šumske odjeljke u istraživanome području, procijenjeno trajanje sanacijske sječe bilo je 15 do 75 dana kraće od stvarnih operacija na terenu. Prema tome, očekuje se da korištenje operativnog planiranja temeljem modela planiranja aktivnosti nakon požara ima velik potencijal u osiguravanju ekonomski i ekološki korisnih šumskih radova nakon šumskih požara

Examining University Students’ Self-Compassion and Compassionate Love Levels in Terms of Perceived Parental Attitudes

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between parental attitudes perceived by the students, self-compassion and compassionate love levels, and differences occur in parental attitudes, self-compassion and compassionate love levels according to various variables. The research was conducted with 326 university students studying in different departments of Sakarya University Faculty of Education. Parental Attitude Scale (PAS), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), the Compassionate Love Scale (CLS) and Information Collection Form were applied in the study. The research data were analyzed by correlation, T-test and One Way (ANOVA). The results of the research revealed that the self-compassion level of the students who perceived the parents' attitudes as democratic was high, whereas the self-compassion level of the students who perceived the parental attitudes as authoritarian and protective-demanding was low. It was also found out that the students who perceived their parents' attitudes as authoritarian and protective-demanding had high compassionate love levels.  The present study demonstrated the authoritarian and protective-demanding parental attitudes perceived by university students differed according to sex, the democratic parental attitude differed in terms of the number of siblings, and the compassionate love differed in terms of gender. It was revealed that there was a negative relationship between self-compassion and compassionate love