The 2 deg/90 deg laboratory scattering photometer

A scattering photometer for measuring the light scattered by particles in a hydrosol at substantially 2 deg and 90 deg simultaneously is described. Light from a source is directed by a first optical system into a scattering cell containing the hydrosol under study. Light scattered at substantially 90 deg to the incident beam is focused onto a first photoelectric detector to generate an electrical signal indicative of the amount of scattered light at substantially 90 deg. Light scattered at substantially 2 deg to the incident beam is directed through an annular aperture symmetrically located about the axis of the illuminating beam which is linearly transmitted undeviated through the hydrosol and focused onto a second photoelectric detector to generate an electrical signal indicative of the amount of light scattered at substantially 2 deg

Ocean color spectrum calculations

The development is considered of procedures for measuring a number of subsurface oceanographic parameters using remotely sensed ocean color data. It is proposed that the first step in this effort should be the development of adequate theoretical models relating the desired oceanographic parameters to the upwelling radiances to be observed. A portion of a contributory theoretical model is shown to be described by a modified single scattering approach based upon a simple treatment of multiple scattering. The resulting quasi-single scattering model can be used to predict the upwelling distribution of spectral radiance emerging from the sea. The shape of the radiance spectrum predicted by this model for clear ocean water shows encouraging agreement with measurments made at the edge of the Sargasso Sea off Cape Hatteras

Radiometry of water turbidity measurements

An examination of a number of measurements of turbidity reported in the literature reveals considerable variability in the definitions, units, and measurement techniques used. Many of these measurements differ radically in the optical quantity measured. The radiometric basis of each of the most common definitions of turbidity is examined. Several commercially available turbidimeters are described and their principles of operation are evaluated radiometrically. It is recommended that the term turbidity be restricted to measurements based upon the light scattered by the sample with that scattered by standard suspensions of known turbidity. It is also recommended that the measurement procedure be standardized by requiring the use of Formazin as the turbidity standardizing material and that the Formazin Turbidity Unit (FTU) be adopted as the standard unit of turbidity

O-ring gasket test fixture

An apparatus is presented for testing O-ring gaskets under a variety of temperature, pressure, and dynamic loading conditions. Specifically, this apparatus has the ability to simulate a dynamic loading condition where the sealing surface in contact with the O-ring moves both away from and axially along the face of the O-ring

Implications of animal water balance for terrestrial food webs

Recent research has documented shifts in per capita trophic interactions and food webs in response to changes in environmental moisture, from the top-down (consumers to plants), rather than solely bottom-up (plants to consumers). These responses may be predictable from effects of physiological, behavioral, and ecological traits on animal water balance, although predictions could be modified by energy or nutrient requirements, the risk of predation, population-level responses, and bottom-up effects. Relatively little work has explicitly explored food web effects of changes in animal water balance, despite the likelihood of widespread relevance, including during periodic droughts in mesic locations, where taxa may lack adaptations for water conservation. More research is needed, particularly in light of climate change and hydrological alteration

Factors Influencing College Choice of Minority Students and Their Implications for Recruitment

This study was designed to determine factors of college choice and to evaluate their implications for the development of recruiting guidelines for minority students. The intent was to survey two hundred freshmen of two urban universities to determine which factors were influential in their college choice process and to design recruiting guidelines. The use of these guidelines may provide the impetus to direct more blacks to predominantly white urban universities and more whites to predominantly black universities. The criterion group approach allowed for the two groups (black students attending a predominantly white university versus black students attending a predominantly black university; white students attending a predominantly black university versus white students attending a predominantly white university) to be compared in reference to demographic information, personality traits and motivational type. The factors revealed from the California Psychological Inventory, Gurin Internal Versus External Motivations Instrument and the Demographic Form were analyzed utilizing the Chi-Square Statistic, Two Sample t-Test and Discriminant Function Analysis. The results revealed that there are statistically significant differences between the factors of college choice of black students attending predominantly black universities versus black students attending predominantly white universities; and white students attending predominantly white universities versus white students attending predominantly black universities. On the basis of these significant factors of college choice and the germane research literature recruiting guideline strategies were generated. These strategies were specifically aimed at increasing the number of minority students at predominantly white and black universities. The developed guideline strategies were assessed by the designated admission counselors in Virginia\u27s sixteen 4 year urban universities

Charlotte Corday in literature

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Kansas, Romance Language and Literature, 1929

The Influence of Beached Harmful Algal Blooms On Terrestrial Arthropods on the Shore of Lake Erie

Marine primary inputs, such as sea wrack and algae, offer a great niche for insects and other animals to exploit. The existence of a similar niche on the coast of lakes has received less attention. To complicate matters, many freshwater systems are seeing increases in proliferation of toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria blooms. This study examined patterns in lake shore terrestrial arthropod abundance, diversity, and community composition across gradients of beached algae, with varying toxicity. We detected water microcystin effects on arthropod richness in survey three, beached material effects on Shannon’s Diversity in survey two, and water microcystin effects on the community structure on survey three. Our results suggest the beached aquatic inputs have diversifying effect and microcystin has a positive indirect relationship with certain orders of arthropods such as flies and spiders. We recommend further study into the mechanisms surrounding shore arthropod resource utilization and predator release from toxic blooms

Water Loss Rates and Desiccation Tolerances for Spiders and Crickets

Despite the importance of water to living organisms, access varies across the globe with high variability over space and time. Seventy-five percent of the world’s freshwater alone is ice while 99% of unfrozen freshwater is underground (Winter et al. 1998). Understanding how terrestrial species respond to water availability and compensate for water stress can provide insight to their behavior, ecology and physiology. The goal of this research was to examine the differences in the evaporative water loss rates and desiccation tolerances of Hogna carolinensis and Acheta domesticus. First, an experiment was conducted to quantify the rate of evaporative water loss of the species Hogna carolinensis and Acheta domesticus. This was done by desiccating twenty specimens of Hogna carolinensis and forty specimens of Acheta domesticus within an environmental chamber set at 30%RH and 30C and measuring their masses until death. Another experiment was conducted to explore how prey hydration influenced predation of Hogna carolinensis. Thirty-nine female specimens of Hogna carolinensis were housed within the environmental chamber under the same conditions, treated to a four day period of starvation and desiccation then fed eight specimens of Acheta domesticus from one of three hydration treatments. Initial observations concluded that there was little difference between how much mass was consumed by the predators across the three treatments