Local churches and the conquest of the North : elite patronage and identity in Saxo-Norman Northumbria

The social implications of the Saxo-Norman transition are particularly intriguing in Northumbria, where Anglian, Scandinavian, and Norman social structures, identities, and traditions of material culture converged. In the north, where royal control was less secure and there was a history of political independence, negotiating the transition required a calculated balance of imposed authority and regard for the institutions of the past. Local churches, already established as a focal point of religious and secular manorial life, were one of the primary arenas in which this dialogue of power was carried out. Through an examination of the evidence for stone church buildings and funerary monuments in eleventh and twelfth-century Northumbria, this paper demonstrates how the elite utilized church patronage to negotiate authority and identity in a period of acute transition, and how the particular political and cultural characteristics of Yorkshire, County Durham, and Northumberland could affect this process

Critique [of ADDRESSING GAPS IN THE DELIVERY OF COMMUNITY SERVICES: THE CASE OF ONE INNER-CITY COMMUNITY]

This study has two major implications for human service professionals. First, it identifies some of the essential ingredients that enable human service agencies to be effective. Second, it provides a basis for further research possibilities among the human service professions

Helping Our Students Reach Their Full Potential: The Insidious Consequences of Stereotype Threat

A psychological phenomenon may be a significant cause of academic underachievement by minorities in law school. This phenomenon, called stereotype threat, occurs as a result of the fear of confirming a negative group stereotype (such as African-Americans are not as intelligent as Whites). When subject to this threat — as a consequence of being confronted with environmental or explicit triggers — people do worse in academic settings than they otherwise are capable of doing. In this article, I explore the implications of the research on stereotype threat for law schools and make several recommendations to deal with the threat. There are natural implications for law school admissions, of course. If a portion of our applicant pool is affected by stereotype threat, then we cannot trust the accuracy of the metrics we typically use in law school admissions, i.e., prior academic performance and LSAT scores of law school applicants. Indeed, those credentials actually may under-evaluate the academic potential of these applicants, who are often minority students. This should cause law schools to reevaluate their admissions policies. After students are admitted, law school provides fertile ground within which stereotype threat can flourish. This, of course, means that the performance of minorities in law school — in class, on exams, and in other areas — is likely to be diminished, such that many minorities will not perform up to their academic capacity. And, obviously, we would expect this same dynamic to play out on the bar exam. Law schools can address stereotype threat at each of these levels, and they should do so. This article lays out a framework for understanding and dealing with the threat

Critique [of Alternative Education for the Rom]

Leita Kaldi has introduced the readers to little known data on one of America\u27s most interesting and lesser-known ethnic groups. This critique focuses on further development of the material in the article and the implications of such research for the field of ethnic studies

Prejudice, Constitutional Moral Progress, and Being “On the Right Side of History”: Reflections on Loving v. Virginia at Fifty

Looking back at the record in Loving, this Article shows the role played by narratives of constitutional moral progress, in which the Lovings and their amici indicted Virginia’s antimiscegenation law as an “odious” relic of slavery and a present-day reflection of racial prejudice. In response, Virginia sought to distance such laws from prejudice and white supremacy by appealing to “the most recent” social science that identified problems posed by “intermarriage,” particularly for children. Such work also rejected the idea that intermarriage was a path toward progress and freedom from prejudice. This Article concludes by briefly examining the appeal to Loving in arguments about not being on “the wrong side of history” in the successful challenge to Virginia’s bans on permitting or recognizing same-sex marriage

\u27Male Chauvinism\u27 is Under Attack from All Sides at Present : \u3ci\u3eRoberts v. United States Jaycees\u3c/i\u3e, Sex Discrimination, and the First Amendment

This Article considers the relationship between gender equality and freedom of association. Part I begins with the Supreme Court’s recognition of the freedom of association as first articulated in NAACP v. Alabama. It shows how, in the context of race discrimination, some key civil rights victories have enlisted claims of the freedom of association, while some other victories have prevailed against such claims. Those precedents set the foundation for the Court’s decision in Jaycees, which concerned gender discrimination. Part II focuses on the role of Jaycees in drawing an analogy between the harms of gender discrimination and sexual-orientation discrimination and on the limits of freedom of association claims in both contexts. It highlights how parties and amici in Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission relied on Jaycees to connect race and sex discrimination to sexual-orientation discrimination. In Masterpiece Cakeshop, the petitioner—a baker who refused to create a wedding cake for a same-sex couple—argued that the application of Colorado’s public accommodations law to him violated his right to free exercise of religion and impermissibly compelled his creative expression. I focus in particular on the arguments made by the National Women’s Law Center, an amicus in support of the respondents. Part III returns to Jaycees and examines the arguments made by the parties and their amici regarding the evident conflict between promoting sex equality—women’s full participation in society—and protecting freedom of association. What was at stake for women in being excluded from full membership in organizations, like the Jaycees and all-male private clubs, that provided members “an entree to the ‘Old Boys Network’”? What was at stake for the Jaycees and similar organizations in a climate in which (as one amicus put it) “‘Male chauvinism’ is under attack from all sides”? Part IV briefly returns to the present day and asks whether the old boys network that presented such a vexing barrier to women’s economic and career mobility is simply a relic of the past or has continuing potency. Part IV concludes by comparing some present-day controversies over freedom of association and gender equality to those fought out in Jaycees

Remote Sensing of Sea Ice from Earth Satellites

The application of meteorological satellite data for mapping ice fields is discussed. The characteristics of the photographic records of sea ice formations are described. The derivation of the composite minimum brightness chart by computer processing of the mapped satellite vidicon data for several successive days is explained. The factors which create a quantitative delimiting of the sea ice conditions are explained