64 research outputs found
Does the First Step of the Induced-Hypocrisy Paradigm Really Matter? An Initial Investigation Using a Meta-Analytic Approach
International audienceThe induced-hypocrisy paradigm is an effective two-step procedure - the behavioral standards salience step and the transgressions salience step - for encouraging normative behaviors. Recent findings have raised questions about the necessity of the first step in inducing behavioral change. This research aims to test the role of the standards salience step in the hypocrisy paradigm. To this end, we used a meta-analytic approach to test the moderation of standards salience on hypocrisy effect sizes. We compared 16 studies with âstrongâ standards salience with 19 studies with âweakâ standards salience. The results revealed that, compared with control and transgressions-only conditions, the hypocrisy effect sizes were moderate in the âstrongâ standards group and weak or nonsignificant in the âweakâ standards group. These results contribute to the further investigation of the processes underlying the hypocrisy paradigm and represent progress by identifying the optimal conditions for implementing its first step
Role of social norms in producing and understanding the induced hypocrisy effect : application to discrimination prevention
Lâhypocrisie induite est un paradigme de dissonance cognitive efficace dans la promotion des comportements socialement souhaitables. Il sâagit dâune procĂ©dure en deux phases dans laquelle les personnes dĂ©fendent un comportement prosocial (i.e. phase de saillance normative) puis se remĂ©morent leurs propres Ă©checs passĂ©s Ă le rĂ©aliser (i.e. phase de saillance des transgressions). Cette inconsistance produit un Ă©tat de dissonance cognitive que les personnes rĂ©duisent par lâadoption - ou lâintention dâadopter â le comportement prĂ©cĂ©demment dĂ©fendu. Lâexplication la plus ancienne et consensuelle de lâeffet dâhypocrisie admet quâil serait produit par le besoin de restaurer une image positive de soi menacĂ©e par la phase de saillance des transgressions. Le rĂŽle modĂ©rateur de cette phase a alors Ă©tĂ© largement Ă©tudiĂ© au dĂ©triment de celui de la phase de saillance normative. Pourtant, des explications thĂ©oriques plus rĂ©centes envisagent lâimplication des normes sociales dans lâinconsistance sous-jacente Ă lâeffet dâhypocrisie. Il sâexpliquerait par lâĂ©cart perçu entre une norme sociale et un comportement transgressif, tel que plus lâĂ©cart perçu est Ă©levĂ©, plus lâeffet dâhypocrisie serait fort. Cependant, il n'y a pas de preuve empirique Ă ce jour soutenant directement cette hypothĂšse. Lâobjectif de ce travail de thĂšse est de montrer puis de comprendre le rĂŽle modĂ©rateur des normes sociales dans la production de lâeffet dâhypocrisie. Dans la mesure oĂč l'affiliation est un besoin psychologique fondamental et constitue la motivation sous-jacente de l'influence normative, nous soutenons que le renforcement des normes sociales dans la procĂ©dure d'hypocrisie conduit Ă une plus grande adoption de comportements conformes Ă la norme en raison d'une motivation Ă lâaffiliation renforcĂ©e. Une mĂ©ta-analyse de 37 Ă©tudes et neuf expĂ©riences, menĂ©es dans le domaine de la prĂ©vention des discriminations, ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es afin dâĂ©prouver cette thĂšse. La mĂ©ta-analyse et les quatre premiĂšres expĂ©riences mettent en Ă©vidence le rĂŽle modĂ©rateur du degrĂ© de saillance de la norme sociale sur lâampleur de lâeffet dâhypocrisie. Les deux expĂ©riences suivantes identifient le rĂŽle mĂ©diateur de la perception dâun Ă©cart Ă la norme sociale en situation dâhypocrisie puis les consĂ©quences de cette dĂ©viance sur le sentiment dâaffiliation. Enfin, les trois derniĂšres expĂ©riences montrent que la motivation d'affiliation mĂ©diatise l'effet de l'hypocrisie sur l'intention d'adopter un comportement conforme Ă la norme. Ces rĂ©sultats sont discutĂ©s en rĂ©fĂ©rence i) Ă une modĂ©lisation de l'effet d'hypocrisie considĂ©rant le rĂŽle du soi, ii) l'intĂ©rĂȘt de considĂ©rer les besoins psychologiques fondamentaux dans les processus de dissonance et iii) aux applications pratiques de l'hypocrisie induite dans lâobtention du changement comportemental.The induced hypocrisy is an efficient cognitive dissonance paradigm for encouraging socially desirable behaviors. It is a two-step procedure in which people advocate a prosocial behavior (i.e., ânormativeâ step) and then recall their own past failures to perform it (i.e., âtransgressionsâ step). This inconsistency generates a state of cognitive dissonance that people then reduce by adopting â or willing to adopt â the previously advocated behavior. The older and more consensual explanation considers that the hypocrisy effect is produced by the need to restore a positive self-image threatened in the transgressions step. The moderating role of this step was then widely studied at the expense of the normative step. Yet, more recent theoretical explanations consider the involvement of social norms. Thus, the hypocrisy effect could be explained by the perceived discrepancy between a social norm and a transgressive behavior, such that the higher the perception of this discrepancy, the stronger the hypocrisy effect. However, there is no empirical evidence to date that supports this hypothesis directly. The aim of this thesis is to show and explain the moderating role of social norms on the hypocrisy effect. Insofar as affiliation is a basic psychological need and is the underlying motivation for normative influence, we argue that stronger social norms in the hypocrisy procedure leads to greater adoption of normative behaviors as a result a reinforced motivation to affiliation. To test this assumption, a meta-analysis of 37 studies and nine experiments were carried out in the field of discrimination prevention. The meta-analysis and the first four experiments highlight the moderating role of social normsâ strength on the hypocrisy effect. The next two experiments highlight the mediating role of the perceived discrepancy with the social norm in the hypocrisy effect and the impact of this discrepancy on feelings of affiliation. Finally, the last three experiments show that affiliation motivation mediates the hypocrisy effect on intention to engage in norm-consistent behavior. These results are discussed with reference to i) a modeling of the hypocrisy effect considering the role of the self, ii) the value of considering basic psychological needs in dissonance processes, and iii) the practical applications of induced hypocrisy in achieving behavioral change
Role des normes sociales dans la production et compréhension de l'effet d'hypocrisie induite : application à la prévention des discriminations
The induced hypocrisy is an efficient cognitive dissonance paradigm for encouraging socially desirable behaviors. It is a two-step procedure in which people advocate a prosocial behavior (i.e., ânormativeâ step) and then recall their own past failures to perform it (i.e., âtransgressionsâ step). This inconsistency generates a state of cognitive dissonance that people then reduce by adopting â or willing to adopt â the previously advocated behavior. The older and more consensual explanation considers that the hypocrisy effect is produced by the need to restore a positive self-image threatened in the transgressions step. The moderating role of this step was then widely studied at the expense of the normative step. Yet, more recent theoretical explanations consider the involvement of social norms. Thus, the hypocrisy effect could be explained by the perceived discrepancy between a social norm and a transgressive behavior, such that the higher the perception of this discrepancy, the stronger the hypocrisy effect. However, there is no empirical evidence to date that supports this hypothesis directly. The aim of this thesis is to show and explain the moderating role of social norms on the hypocrisy effect. Insofar as affiliation is a basic psychological need and is the underlying motivation for normative influence, we argue that stronger social norms in the hypocrisy procedure leads to greater adoption of normative behaviors as a result a reinforced motivation to affiliation. To test this assumption, a meta-analysis of 37 studies and nine experiments were carried out in the field of discrimination prevention. The meta-analysis and the first four experiments highlight the moderating role of social normsâ strength on the hypocrisy effect. The next two experiments highlight the mediating role of the perceived discrepancy with the social norm in the hypocrisy effect and the impact of this discrepancy on feelings of affiliation. Finally, the last three experiments show that affiliation motivation mediates the hypocrisy effect on intention to engage in norm-consistent behavior. These results are discussed with reference to i) a modeling of the hypocrisy effect considering the role of the self, ii) the value of considering basic psychological needs in dissonance processes, and iii) the practical applications of induced hypocrisy in achieving behavioral change.Lâhypocrisie induite est un paradigme de dissonance cognitive efficace dans la promotion des comportements socialement souhaitables. Il sâagit dâune procĂ©dure en deux phases dans laquelle les personnes dĂ©fendent un comportement prosocial (i.e. phase de saillance normative) puis se remĂ©morent leurs propres Ă©checs passĂ©s Ă le rĂ©aliser (i.e. phase de saillance des transgressions). Cette inconsistance produit un Ă©tat de dissonance cognitive que les personnes rĂ©duisent par lâadoption - ou lâintention dâadopter â le comportement prĂ©cĂ©demment dĂ©fendu. Lâexplication la plus ancienne et consensuelle de lâeffet dâhypocrisie admet quâil serait produit par le besoin de restaurer une image positive de soi menacĂ©e par la phase de saillance des transgressions. Le rĂŽle modĂ©rateur de cette phase a alors Ă©tĂ© largement Ă©tudiĂ© au dĂ©triment de celui de la phase de saillance normative. Pourtant, des explications thĂ©oriques plus rĂ©centes envisagent lâimplication des normes sociales dans lâinconsistance sous-jacente Ă lâeffet dâhypocrisie. Il sâexpliquerait par lâĂ©cart perçu entre une norme sociale et un comportement transgressif, tel que plus lâĂ©cart perçu est Ă©levĂ©, plus lâeffet dâhypocrisie serait fort. Cependant, il n'y a pas de preuve empirique Ă ce jour soutenant directement cette hypothĂšse. Lâobjectif de ce travail de thĂšse est de montrer puis de comprendre le rĂŽle modĂ©rateur des normes sociales dans la production de lâeffet dâhypocrisie. Dans la mesure oĂč l'affiliation est un besoin psychologique fondamental et constitue la motivation sous-jacente de l'influence normative, nous soutenons que le renforcement des normes sociales dans la procĂ©dure d'hypocrisie conduit Ă une plus grande adoption de comportements conformes Ă la norme en raison d'une motivation Ă lâaffiliation renforcĂ©e. Une mĂ©ta-analyse de 37 Ă©tudes et neuf expĂ©riences, menĂ©es dans le domaine de la prĂ©vention des discriminations, ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es afin dâĂ©prouver cette thĂšse. La mĂ©ta-analyse et les quatre premiĂšres expĂ©riences mettent en Ă©vidence le rĂŽle modĂ©rateur du degrĂ© de saillance de la norme sociale sur lâampleur de lâeffet dâhypocrisie. Les deux expĂ©riences suivantes identifient le rĂŽle mĂ©diateur de la perception dâun Ă©cart Ă la norme sociale en situation dâhypocrisie puis les consĂ©quences de cette dĂ©viance sur le sentiment dâaffiliation. Enfin, les trois derniĂšres expĂ©riences montrent que la motivation d'affiliation mĂ©diatise l'effet de l'hypocrisie sur l'intention d'adopter un comportement conforme Ă la norme. Ces rĂ©sultats sont discutĂ©s en rĂ©fĂ©rence i) Ă une modĂ©lisation de l'effet d'hypocrisie considĂ©rant le rĂŽle du soi, ii) l'intĂ©rĂȘt de considĂ©rer les besoins psychologiques fondamentaux dans les processus de dissonance et iii) aux applications pratiques de l'hypocrisie induite dans lâobtention du changement comportemental
Role des normes sociales dans la production et compréhension de l'effet d'hypocrisie induite : application à la prévention des discriminations
The induced hypocrisy is an efficient cognitive dissonance paradigm for encouraging socially desirable behaviors. It is a two-step procedure in which people advocate a prosocial behavior (i.e., ânormativeâ step) and then recall their own past failures to perform it (i.e., âtransgressionsâ step). This inconsistency generates a state of cognitive dissonance that people then reduce by adopting â or willing to adopt â the previously advocated behavior. The older and more consensual explanation considers that the hypocrisy effect is produced by the need to restore a positive self-image threatened in the transgressions step. The moderating role of this step was then widely studied at the expense of the normative step. Yet, more recent theoretical explanations consider the involvement of social norms. Thus, the hypocrisy effect could be explained by the perceived discrepancy between a social norm and a transgressive behavior, such that the higher the perception of this discrepancy, the stronger the hypocrisy effect. However, there is no empirical evidence to date that supports this hypothesis directly. The aim of this thesis is to show and explain the moderating role of social norms on the hypocrisy effect. Insofar as affiliation is a basic psychological need and is the underlying motivation for normative influence, we argue that stronger social norms in the hypocrisy procedure leads to greater adoption of normative behaviors as a result a reinforced motivation to affiliation. To test this assumption, a meta-analysis of 37 studies and nine experiments were carried out in the field of discrimination prevention. The meta-analysis and the first four experiments highlight the moderating role of social normsâ strength on the hypocrisy effect. The next two experiments highlight the mediating role of the perceived discrepancy with the social norm in the hypocrisy effect and the impact of this discrepancy on feelings of affiliation. Finally, the last three experiments show that affiliation motivation mediates the hypocrisy effect on intention to engage in norm-consistent behavior. These results are discussed with reference to i) a modeling of the hypocrisy effect considering the role of the self, ii) the value of considering basic psychological needs in dissonance processes, and iii) the practical applications of induced hypocrisy in achieving behavioral change.Lâhypocrisie induite est un paradigme de dissonance cognitive efficace dans la promotion des comportements socialement souhaitables. Il sâagit dâune procĂ©dure en deux phases dans laquelle les personnes dĂ©fendent un comportement prosocial (i.e. phase de saillance normative) puis se remĂ©morent leurs propres Ă©checs passĂ©s Ă le rĂ©aliser (i.e. phase de saillance des transgressions). Cette inconsistance produit un Ă©tat de dissonance cognitive que les personnes rĂ©duisent par lâadoption - ou lâintention dâadopter â le comportement prĂ©cĂ©demment dĂ©fendu. Lâexplication la plus ancienne et consensuelle de lâeffet dâhypocrisie admet quâil serait produit par le besoin de restaurer une image positive de soi menacĂ©e par la phase de saillance des transgressions. Le rĂŽle modĂ©rateur de cette phase a alors Ă©tĂ© largement Ă©tudiĂ© au dĂ©triment de celui de la phase de saillance normative. Pourtant, des explications thĂ©oriques plus rĂ©centes envisagent lâimplication des normes sociales dans lâinconsistance sous-jacente Ă lâeffet dâhypocrisie. Il sâexpliquerait par lâĂ©cart perçu entre une norme sociale et un comportement transgressif, tel que plus lâĂ©cart perçu est Ă©levĂ©, plus lâeffet dâhypocrisie serait fort. Cependant, il n'y a pas de preuve empirique Ă ce jour soutenant directement cette hypothĂšse. Lâobjectif de ce travail de thĂšse est de montrer puis de comprendre le rĂŽle modĂ©rateur des normes sociales dans la production de lâeffet dâhypocrisie. Dans la mesure oĂč l'affiliation est un besoin psychologique fondamental et constitue la motivation sous-jacente de l'influence normative, nous soutenons que le renforcement des normes sociales dans la procĂ©dure d'hypocrisie conduit Ă une plus grande adoption de comportements conformes Ă la norme en raison d'une motivation Ă lâaffiliation renforcĂ©e. Une mĂ©ta-analyse de 37 Ă©tudes et neuf expĂ©riences, menĂ©es dans le domaine de la prĂ©vention des discriminations, ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es afin dâĂ©prouver cette thĂšse. La mĂ©ta-analyse et les quatre premiĂšres expĂ©riences mettent en Ă©vidence le rĂŽle modĂ©rateur du degrĂ© de saillance de la norme sociale sur lâampleur de lâeffet dâhypocrisie. Les deux expĂ©riences suivantes identifient le rĂŽle mĂ©diateur de la perception dâun Ă©cart Ă la norme sociale en situation dâhypocrisie puis les consĂ©quences de cette dĂ©viance sur le sentiment dâaffiliation. Enfin, les trois derniĂšres expĂ©riences montrent que la motivation d'affiliation mĂ©diatise l'effet de l'hypocrisie sur l'intention d'adopter un comportement conforme Ă la norme. Ces rĂ©sultats sont discutĂ©s en rĂ©fĂ©rence i) Ă une modĂ©lisation de l'effet d'hypocrisie considĂ©rant le rĂŽle du soi, ii) l'intĂ©rĂȘt de considĂ©rer les besoins psychologiques fondamentaux dans les processus de dissonance et iii) aux applications pratiques de l'hypocrisie induite dans lâobtention du changement comportemental
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Subjective Norm Rather Than Social Norm in the Induced-Hypocrisy Paradigm: A Test in the Context of School Bullying Victim Support
The induced-hypocrisy paradigm is an effective two-step procedure - normative-salience step and then transgressions-salience step - for encouraging normative behaviors. In the context of promoting school bullying victim support among witnesses, this study tests whether the activation of a subjective norm rather than a social norm as traditionally practiced in the hypocrisy procedure can enhance the hypocrisy effect. Middle school students (N = 191) were assigned to either the control, social-norm-hypocrisy, or subjective-norm-hypocrisy conditions. Victim-defending intentions were measured immediately and one month later. The results showed a significant increase, ranging from control, then social-norm-hypocrisy, to subjective-norm-hypocrisy conditions, in students' victim-defending intentions. These results extend the scope of induced hypocrisy and contribute to progress in investigating processes underlying the hypocrisy effect
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