Utjecaji međuratnoga perioda na fotografiju socijalističkoga realizma u Hrvatskoj i Srbiji (Sažetak)

The paper analyzes the photography of socialist realism using examples from several key photographers from the former Yugoslavia. The authors in this paper mostly belong to the Zagreb and Belgrade photography scene and the generation of photographers that appeared during the 1930s and 1940s. At the time of their appearance on the photography scene, several important events occurred. One of them is the international exhibition Film und Foto in Zagreb in 1930. This event and the emergence of certain trends in photography, such as straight photography and New Objectivity, certainly influenced photography in the local environment, which would mostly manifest after the Second World War with the emergence of socialist realism.Članak analizira fotografiju socijalističkoga realizma na primjeru radova nekoliko ključnih fotografa u povijesti fotografije bivše Jugoslavije. U pitanju su autori koji su mahom pripadali zagrebačkoj i beogradskoj fotografskoj sceni i generaciji fotografa koja se pojavila tridesetih i četrdesetih godina 20. stoljeća. U vrijeme njihove pojave na fotografskoj sceni nekoliko je važnih događaja. Među njima je svakako gostovanje internacionalne izložbe Film und Foto u Zagrebu 1930. godine. Ovaj događaj i pojava nekih svjetskih pokreta u fotografiji, poput čiste ili prave fotografije, nove objektivnosti, svakako da su imali neki utjecaj i na fotografiju na ovim prostorima koji će se najviše očitovati poslije Drugoga svjetskog rata s pojavom socijalističkoga realizma

The role of personality, self-concept and defensive motivation in predicting maths anxiety

IN ENGLISH: The goal of this research was to explore the relationships between personality, self- concept, learning strategies and mathematics anxiety in elementary school students. The sample consisted of 511 8th grade students from 36 Croatian elementary schools who completed the Maths Anxiety Scale, Big Five Inventory, the Self-Description Questionnaire-II and measures of self-regulatory learning strategies to assess self-handicapping, defensive pessimism and external attribution of failure. Separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted by gender to test the predictive power of personality, self-concept and defensive motivational strategies on mathematics anxiety. Results indicate that the variables explained significant variance for both genders (girls R-square = .54 ; boys R- square = .38). Personality, self-concept and motivational strategies were all related to maths anxiety, however, a different pattern emerged with respect to gender. Maths self-concept is significantly negatively related to maths anxiety for both genders, while for boys, maths anxiety is related to low agreeableness and the use of external attribution of failure, and in girls it is predicted by higher neuroticism and defensive pessimism. Results indicate that maladaptive patterns of academic beliefs, motivations and behaviour related to mathematics in Croatian students are to some extent gender-specific, thus calling for specific intervention strategies tailored for boys and girls. --------------- IN CROATIAN: Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je istražiti odnose između osobina ličnosti, samopoimanja, strategija učenja i straha od matematike kod učenika osnovnih škola. Uzorak se sastojao od 511 učenika 8. razreda iz 36 hrvatskih osnovnih škola. Sudionici su ispunili Skalu za ispitivanje straha od matematike, Big Five inventar ličnosti, Self-Description Questionnaire-II i mjere samoregulirajućih strategija učenja za procjenu samohendikepiranja, defanzivnog pesimizma i vanjske atribucije neuspjeha. Da bi se provjerila prediktivna snaga osobina ličnosti, samopoimanja i defanzivnih motivacijskih strategija u objašnjenju straha od matematike, provedene su odvojene hijerarhijske regresijske analize na poduzorku učenica i učenika. Rezultati pokazuju da uključene varijable objašnjavaju značajan dio varijance straha od matematike kod oba roda (učenice R2 = .54; učenici R2 = .38). Osobine ličnosti, samopoimanje i motivacijske strategije učenja u oba su slučaja značajno povezane sa strahom od matematike, no uočljiv je različit obrazac povezanosti s obzirom na rod sudionika. Matematičko samopoimanje značajno je negativno povezano sa strahom od matematike kod oba roda, dok je kod učenika strah od matematike povezan i s niskom ugodnošću i vanjskom atribucijom neuspjeha, a kod učenica i s višim neuroticizmom i defanzivnim pesimizmom. Rezultati upućuju da su maladaptivni obrasci akademskih uvjerenja, motivacije i ponašanja povezani s matematikom kod hrvatskih učenika donekle rodno specifični, što upućuje na potrebu provedbe specifičnih intervencija prilagođenih učenicima i učenicama

Interkulturna dimenzija školskog kurikuluma

U radu se analizira način na koji škole u svojim kurikulumima primjenjuju interkulturalizam kako je definiran u Nacionalnom okvirnom kurikulumu. Nakon teorijskog uvoda, analizirani su kurikulumi pet škola iz različitih dijelova Hrvatske koji su izrađeni u okviru projekta Razvoj kurikulumske kulture: Osnaživanje škola za razvoj i implementaciju školskog kurikuluma. Rezultati ukazuju da se u analiziranim školskim kurikulumima interkulturno obrazovanje operacionalizira na različite načine, ovisno o specifičnosti škole i sredine u kojoj škola djeluje. Stoga ono pokriva različite teme kao što su npr. upoznavanje sredozemnih kultura, romske kulture, islama i židovstva, suradnju sa školama iz susjednih zemalja i sl. U većini analiziranih kurikuluma vidljiva je neravnomjerna zastupljenost komponenti interkulturne kompetencije, pri čemu je dominantan razvoj njezine kognitivne komponente

Osobnost brenda destinacije i predviđanje ponašajnih namjera turista: primjer grada Splita

U fokusu rada dva su fenomena koja su, iako donekle neobična, relativno uvriježena u općoj literaturi o ponašanju potrošača i upravljanju klasičnim brendovima – percepcija osobnosti brenda te samoprocjena podudarnosti između osobnosti pojedinca i osobnosti brenda. U okviru rada te se fenomene razmatra u kontekstu istraživanja ponašanja turista i marketinga mjesta, odnosno turističke destinacije. Kada je riječ o destinacijskim brendovima, percepcija osobnosti brenda odnosi se na viđenje toga kakva bi destinacija bila kad bi bila osoba, tj. procjenu skupa ljudskih osobina povezanih s destinacijom. Procjena samo-podudarnosti pak podrazumijeva izjašnjavanje osobe o tome koliko je njezina osobnost sukladna percipiranoj osobnosti destinacije. Online istraživanjem u kojem su sudjelovali mlađi domaći posjetitelji grada Splita (N = 263) ispitana je struktura percipirane osobnosti grada Splita te je analizirana uloga koju percepcija osobnosti destinacije i procjena samo-podudarnosti imaju u predviđanju ponašajnih namjera turista (preporuka i ponovni posjet). Rezultati pokazuju da sudionici u najvećoj mjeri doživljavaju Split kao lijep, opušten i veseo, a u najmanjoj mjeri kao radišan, glamurozan i zapadni. Oni sudionici koji osobnost Splita doživljavaju pozitivnijom te svoju osobnost procjenjuju sukladnijom osobnosti Splita skloniji su tome da drugima preporuče posjet Splitu od onih sudionika koji se ne smatraju sličnima Splitu te ga općenito doživljavaju negativnijim. Ponovni posjet predviđa samo percepcija osobnosti destinacije, pri čemu je vjerojatnije da se u Split vrate one osobe koje njegovu osobnost vide pozitivnijom. U okviru rasprave o nalazima istaknute su osnovne metodološke zamjerke ovom i sličnim istraživanjima te navedene neke smjernice za buduća istraživanja i praksu. (IN ENGLISH: This paper focuses on two phenomena that are quite unusual, but relatively often present in the literature about consumer behaviour and traditional brand management – brand personality and self-congruity. Here they are examined within the framework of tourists’ behaviour and destination management. Consequently, brand personality relates to the perception of destination as if it were a person, i.e. the assessment of a set of human characteristics associated with the destination. Self-congruity stands for the assessment of the congruence between one’s personality and destination’s personality. Online research on the sample of young domestic tourists of the city of Split (N = 263) examined the structure of the perceived destination personality of Split, and explored the role that the perceived destination personality and self-congruity have in predicting tourists’ behavioural intentions (recommendation and return). The participants mostly perceived Split as beautiful, relaxed and cheerful, and the least as hard-working, glamorous and western. Those participants who assessed the personality of Split more positively and estimated their personality to correspond more to the personality of Split, had greater tendency to recommend Split, in comparison to those participants who did not see themselves to be similar to Split and assessed its personality more negatively. The intention to return was only predicted by the perceived destination personality, with those participants seeing the personality of Split more positively being more likely to visit again. The discussion section includes some observations on the methodological shortcomings of this and similar studies, as well as some guidelines for the forthcoming research and practice.

22-GODIŠNJA PACIJENTICA S BOLI U PRSIMA – ANKSIOZNOST ILI NEŠTO DRUGO?

Chest pain is one of the most common clinical entities in the emergency room (ER) and it can be divided into the pain of cardiac and non-cardiac origin. This report aims to show the importance of diagnostic treatment for a patient with chest pain.Bol u prsima jedan je od najčešćih kliničkih entiteta s kojim se susrećemo na objedinjenom hitnom bolničkom prijemu (OHBP), a prema uzroku može se podijeliti na bol kardijalnog i nekardijalnog podrijetla. Cilj je rada ukazati na važnost dijagnostičke obrade pacijenta s boli u prsima

Visualisations in Mathematics

U ovom diplomskom radu prikazani su dokazi nekih matematičkih tvrdnji pomoću slika, preko kojih bi se učenicima u osnovnim pa i u srednjim školama mogao probuditi interes za proučavanje matematike. Počinjemo prikazivanjem brojeva preko poznatih objekata te preko duljine dužina, a zatim upoznavajući se sa popločavanjima ravnine u kojima uvodimo neke vrste poliomina, dotićemo se dokaza Teorema četiri boje. Za kraj odlazimo u tri dimenzije, odnosno rješavamo probleme koji se u ravnini čine nerješivi, no pogledamo li izvan okvira, tj. u prostoru, vrlo lako dolazimo do rješenja.In this graduate thesis, some proofs of mathematical claims are illustrated with the help of images i.e. illustrations by which students in elementary and secondary schools could awaken interest for studying and elaborating mathematics. We begin by displaying numbers by graphical elements and over lengths of segments and then getting familiar with tiling of the plane in which we introduce some types of polyominos, which leads to mentioning some parts of the Four color theorem proof. Lastly we discuss about three dimensions, apropos we solve problems which in plane seem unsolvable, but if we look out of the box, i.e. in space, we can reach the solution very eas

Determinants of students' mathematics self-concept: analysis of gender universalities and specificities

The aim of the research was to examine the role that personality variables, mathematics anxiety, stereotypes about mathematics as a male domain and the perception of mathematics teachers’ role and behaviour have in explaining students’ mathematics self-concept, over and above the information about their mathematics success. The participants were 8th grade students from 36 primary schools from Zagreb and the Zagreb County (N=511). The analysis of the contribution of the above-mentioned predictors was conducted on male and female samples separately. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed the contributions of individual variables and the overall contribution to the explanation of boys’ (R=0.63) and girls’ (R=0.72) mathematics self- concept. Mathematics success was the strongest determinant of mathematics self-concept for both gender groups. Personality, i.e. conscientiousness was the gender-specific determinant that only contributed to the explanation of girls’ mathematics self-concept. The opposite was true for stereotypes about mathematics. Mathematics anxiety and the perception of teachers’ role and behaviour were gender-universal determinants. The findings can serve to inform evidence-based planning and implementation of both gender universal and specific interventions for the enhancement of mathematics self- concept. (IN CROATIAN: Cilj istraživanja bio je razmotriti ulogu koju u objašnjenju matematičkog samopoimanja, osim uspjeha u matematici, imaju osobine ličnosti, matematička anksioznost, stereotipi o matematici kao muškom području i percepcija uloge i ponašanja nastavnika matematike. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 511 učenika 8. razreda iz 36 osnovnih škola u Zagrebu i Zagrebačkoj županiji. Analiza doprinosa spomenutih prediktora napravljena je na rodno odijeljenim uzorcima. Hijerarhijskim regresijskim analizama utvrđeni su pojedinačni doprinosi varijabli i ukupni doprinos prediktora objašnjenju varijance matematičkog samopoimanja učenika (R = 0.63) i učenica (R = 0.72). Uspjeh u matematici najsnažnija je odrednica matematičkog samopoimanja obiju rodnih skupina. Ličnost, točnije, savjesnost rodno je specifična determinanta koja doprinosi objašnjenju varijance matematičkog samopoimanja učenica, ali ne i učenika. Obrnuto vrijedi za stereotipe o matematici koji su se pokazali rodno specifičnom determinantom samopoimanja učenika. Strah od matematike, percepcija uloge i ponašanja nastavnika rodno su univerzalne odrednice. Rezultati mogu doprinijeti utemeljenom planiranju i primjeni univerzalnih i specifičnih intervencija za poboljšanje matematičkog samopoimanja učenica i učenika.

The association between personality, cognitive ability and proneness to prejudice towards different social groups

Istraživanja pokazuju da postoji pozitivna povezanost među predrasudama prema različitim društvenim skupinama, kao i određena vremenska stabilnost te stabilnost rang poretka u izraženosti predrasuda. Sukladno tome, opravdano je pretpostaviti da, osim nestalnih, kontekstualnih faktora, antecedente izraženosti predrasuda mogu predstavljati i neke trajnije dispozicije pojedinca. Cilj doktorskog rada je produbiti razumijevanje dispozicijskih osnova za sklonost predrasudama prema različitim društvenim skupinama, odnosno pobliže istražiti odnos osobina ličnosti i kognitivnih sposobnosti s generaliziranim predrasudama. Istraživanje na kojem se rad temelji provedeno je na reprezentativnom uzorku maturanata iz Grada Zagreba i Zagrebačke županije (N = 1034). Istraživanjem su prikupljeni kvantitativni podaci o kognitivnim sposobnostima, osobinama ličnosti, desnoj autoritarnosti, orijentaciji na socijalnu dominaciju te predrasudama prema starijim osobama, pretilim osobama, psihički oboljelim osobama, ateistima, gej muškarcima i imigrantima. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je pozitivne interkorelacije izraženosti predrasuda prema pretilima, psihički oboljelima, ateistima, gej muškarcima i imigrantima moguće objasniti latentnim g faktorom predrasuda koji upućuje na sklonost generaliziranim predrasudama. Najvažniji korelati generaliziranih predrasuda su orijentacija na socijalnu dominaciju, desna autoritarnost, otvorenost prema iskustvu i kognitivne sposobnosti. Zajedno s ostalim dimenzijama ličnosti iz petofaktorskog modela, ove varijable objašnjavaju tri četvrtine varijance latentnog konstrukta generaliziranih predrasuda. Kognitivne sposobnosti i pored otvorenosti prema iskustvu imaju jedinstven doprinos predikciji kriterija. Analiza mehanizama djelovanja dispozicijskih varijabli na generalizirane predrasude pokazala je da: (1.) otvorenost prema iskustvu i kognitivne sposobnosti imaju na generalizirane predrasude izravne i neizravne negativne efekte posredovane desnom autoritarnosti i orijentacijom na socijalnu dominaciju; (2.) ugodnost ima neizravni pozitivni efekt posredovan desnom autoritarnosti i neizravni negativni efekt posredovan orijentacijom na socijalnu dominaciju; (3.) neuroticizam ima izravni i neizravni negativni efekt posredovan orijentacijom na socijalnu dominaciju; (4.) ekstraverzija i savjesnost imaju isključivo neizravne pozitivne efekte posredovane desnom autoritarnosti. Primarni doprinos istraživanja ogleda se u činjenici da pruža uvid u, ranije nedovoljno istražen, međuodnos osobina ličnosti i kognitivnih sposobnosti u kontekstu predikcije predrasuda.Introduction. Prejudice most often denotes negative attitude towards a social group or its members. Previous studies revealed a positive correlation between prejudices towards different social groups, as well as certain time stability and rank-order stability of prejudice. This suggests that individual's dispositions, along with contextual factors, may play a significant role as antecedents of prejudice. This thesis focuses on personality and cognitive ability as possible precursors of prejudice. Three theories seem to be especially relevant when examining the relationship between dispositions and prejudice: McCrae and Costa’s (2008) meta-theoretical framework of the FiveFactor Theory (FFT) of personality, Duckitt’s (2001) Dual-process motivational model of ideology and prejudice (DPM) and Dhont and Hodson’s (2014) Cognitive Ability and Style to Evaluation (CASE) model. According to the FFT, dispositions (as basic tendencies) should relate to the ideological attitudes (as characteristic adaptations), which should further relate to prejudice, ethnocentrism or discrimination (as objective biography). This is in line with the postulates of the other two relevant theoretical frameworks. As stated in the DPM, the exposure to threatening and competitive social surroundings results in the development of social conformity (i.e. low openness and high conscientiousness) and toughmindedness (i.e. low agreeableness). A person characterized by high social conformity reacts sensitively to signs of threat within society and is eager to protect the established norms at any cost. Individuals characterized by high toughmindedness perceive the world as a competitive jungle and tend to be unattached and interpersonally aversive. These characteristics bring forward the motivational goals for security and power (embodied in the right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation), which ultimately lead to prejudice. Finally, according to the CASE model, lower cognitive ability and higher need for structure, order and predictability enhance the perception of changing social environment as threatening. This leads to the activation of the prevention focus, aimed at keeping the status quo. Perceived threat and prevention focus can further lead to the right-wing, socially conservative attitudes that are related to the resistance to change, and consequently, stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination. The causal order of these models’ components was supported both experimentally and longitudinally. Although this thesis did not comprehensively test any of the above-mentioned theoretical models, it largely aligned with the FFT, the DPM and the CASE model predictions when building its hypotheses. The aim of the study. The aim of the study is to deepen the understanding of the dispositional basis of proneness to prejudice. Empirical study was conducted examining the relationship of personality traits and cognitive ability with generalized prejudice. It also explored the mechanisms underlying the effects of dispositions on generalized prejudice and analyzed the interdependence of dispositional predictors of generalized prejudice. Methodology and data analysis. The study was conducted on a representative sample of secondary school students from the City of Zagreb, Croatia and the Zagreb County. Participants were 17-20 years old and were attending their final year of secondary education (N = 1034). The measures encompassed dispositional variables - Big Five personality traits and cognitive ability, ideological variables - right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, as well as different measures of prejudice - prejudice towards elderly people, prejudice towards overweight people, prejudice towards individuals with mental illnesses, prejudice towards atheists, prejudice towards gay men and prejudice towards immigrants. The data was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and series of regression analyses. In addition, structural equation modelling with latent variables was performed. Results and discussion. Results revealed that positive correlation between the measures of prejudice towards overweight people, individuals with mental illnesses, atheists, gay men and immigrants can be explained by the latent g factor of prejudice. Prejudice towards elderly people shared less variance with other measures of prejudice and appeared to be somewhat suboptimal indicator of the g factor of prejudice. Therefore, this indicator was not included in the definition of the generalized prejudice construct. The lower correlation of this specific prejudice measure with the g factor was discussed with respect to the following: the peculiarity of this group as an untypical out-group; the prevailing norm of nurturance of traditional values in contemporary Croatian society; and the opposite direction of its relations to the ideological variables of right-wing authoritarianism [-] and social dominance orientation [+]. Generalized prejudice was strongly positively correlated to right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation and moderately negatively correlated to openness to experience and cognitive ability. There was a low negative correlation of generalized prejudice with neuroticism and low positive correlation of generalized prejudice with extraversion and conscientiousness. The correlation of generalized prejudice with agreeableness was low and statistically insignificant. The ideological variables, followed by openness to experience and cognitive ability, appeared to be the most pertinent correlates of generalized prejudice. The latter is in accordance with the theoretical background and previous empirical evidence about these relationships. In the thesis, only tentative interpretations of the relationships of extraversion, conscientiousness and neuroticism with generalized prejudice were given, since the correlations were low and the earlier findings were incongruent or inconsistent. The unexpected finding revealing the non-significant relationship of agreeableness and generalized prejudice was discussed in regard to the opposing direction of the correlations of agreeableness with right-wing authoritarianism [+] and social dominance orientation [-], as well as regarding the fact that the Big Five Inventory was used as a measure of personality traits. A set of dispositional and ideological variables explained about three quarters of the variance of the generalized prejudice latent variable. The dispositional predictors appeared to be as useful in explaining the variance of generalized prejudice as the ideological variables (with contribution shared with dispositional variables accounted for). The results indicated a statistically significant contribution to the prediction of generalized prejudice by all the individual predictors. The most important predictors were social dominance orientation, rightwing authoritarianism and openness to experience. Importantly, cognitive ability and openness to experience had non-redundant contributions to the explanation of the variance of the generalized prejudice. The present study also investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of dispositional variables on generalized prejudice. The analysis of direct and indirect effects resulted in several notable conclusions. Firstly, the effect of the openness to experience and cognitive ability on generalized prejudice was threefold: (1.) direct negative effects of these variables suggested that higher openness to experience and higher cognitive ability were associated with lower generalized prejudice; (2.) indirect negative effects via right-wing authoritarianism suggested that individuals with higher openness to experience and higher cognitive ability were more inclined to reject right-wing attitudes and thus had lower generalized prejudice; and (3.) indirect negative effects via social dominance orientation indicated that individuals who were more open to new experiences and had higher cognitive ability were less focused on establishing hierarchy in social relations and thus less inclined to generalized prejudice. Secondly, agreeableness had a dual contrasting effect on generalized prejudice via right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation: (1.) an indirect positive effect via right-wing authoritarianism suggested that more agreeable individuals were more inclined to adhere to right-wing ideology and thus more inclined to generalized prejudice, while (2.) an indirect negative effect via social dominance orientation suggested that the more agreeable individuals were less supportive of social domination and thus, indirectly, less prone to generalized prejudice. Thirdly, the effect of neuroticism on generalized prejudice was twofold: (1.) a direct negative effect suggested that higher neuroticism (trait more characteristic of female compared to male participants) was associated with lower generalized prejudice, while (2.) an indirect negative effect via social dominance orientation suggested that the individuals with higher neuroticism preferred egalitarian social relations and thus demonstrated lower generalized prejudice. Finally, extraversion and conscientiousness had positive effects on generalized prejudice, mediated by the right-wing authoritarianism - more extroverted and conscientious individuals were more inclined to favor right-wing authoritarian tendencies and thus, indirectly, were more inclined to generalized prejudice. Comparing the magnitude of indirect effects of dispositions for which both ideological variables served as mediators of the effect on generalized prejudice, right-wing authoritarianism was found to be more important mediator in the case of openness to experience, and social dominance orientation was found to be more important mediator in the case of agreeableness and cognitive ability. In sum, both right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation appeared to be of vital importance in ensuring the mechanism through which the dispositions exerted its effects to prejudice, since the former mediated the effects of five, and the latter mediated the effects of four (out of six examined) dispositional variables to generalized prejudice. In addition, none of the dispositional variables had exclusively direct effect on generalized prejudice. Rather, indirect effects always followed the identified direct effects. However, it should be borne in mind that the robustness of some (unforeseen) mechanisms might be brought into question by the upcoming research, since the significance of some of the effects may well be influenced by the fact that the analysis was performed on a large sample. Conclusion. The present research contributes to better understanding of the role of personality traits and cognitive ability as precursors of (generalized) prejudice, especially with respect to their interdependence. A deeper understanding of the dispositional basis of proneness to prejudice serves as one of the preconditions for the integration of these constructs into the models that include a wider spectrum of prejudice antecedents. Indirectly, the research fuels further advancement in the study of nature and determinants of prejudice and provides a basis for the development of more effective interventions for prejudice reduction