Evaluating HER2 Gene Amplification Using Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization (CISH) Method In Comparison To Immunohistochemistry Method in Breast Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: In patients with breast cancer, HER2 gene expression is of a great importance in reacting to Herceptin treatment. To evaluate this event, immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been done routinely on the basis of scoring it and so the patients were divided into 4 groups. Lately, as there have been disagreements about how to treat score 2 patients, chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) and florescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are introduced. Since CISH method is more convenient than FISH for gene amplification study, FISH has been substituted by CISH. AIM: The current study is conducted in order to investigate whether using CISH is a better method comparison to IHC method for determines HER2 expression in patients with breast cancer in. METHODS: In this cross-sectional descriptive analytical study, information of 44 female patients with invasive ductal breast cancer were gathered from Imam Reza and Omid Hospital in Mashhad. IHC staining was done for all patients in order to determine the level of HER2 expression, and after scoring them into 4 groups of 0, +1, +2 and +3, CISH staining was carried out for all 4 groups. At the end, results from both methods were statistically evaluated using SPSS software V.22.0. RESULTS: The average age of patients was 50.2 with the standard deviation of 10.96. Using IHC method was observed that 2.6% (1 patient), 26.3% (10 patients), 65.8% (25 patients) and 5.3% (2 patients) percentage of patients had scores of 0, +1, +2 and +3. On the other hand, CISH method showed 36 patients (90%) with no amplifications and 4 (10%) with sever amplifications. In a comparative study using Fisher's exact test (p = 0.000), we found a significant relation between IHC method and CISH method indicating that all patients showing severe amplifications in CISH method, owned scores of +2 and +3 in IHC method. CONCLUSION: According to the present study and comparing the results with similar previous studies, it can be concluded that CISH method works highly effective in determining HER2 expression level in patients with breast cancer. This method is also able to determine the status of patients with score +2 in IHC for their treatment with hercepti

Effects of pentoxifylline and alendronate on fracture healing in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats

Osteoporosis is determined by decreased bone strength that increases the threat of fractures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) and alendronate (ALN), on the stereological parameters, and gene expression in callus of fracture in an experimental rat model of ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis (OVX). The OVX was induced in 90 female rats. Fourteen weeks later, a complete fracture on the right femur was made. Rats were divided into five groups: 1) control: no treatment; 2) sham: received daily distilled water; 3) daily 3.00 mg kg(-1) ALN subcutaneously (SC); 4) daily 200 mg kg(-1) PTX (SC) and 5) daily PTX (SC) + ALN (same doses). The osteoclast count was significantly lower in all treatment groups, at 21 and 56 days post-surgery, compared to the control and sham groups. The PTX significantly increased total callus volume at 21 and 56 days post-surgery, compared to the other groups. The PTX+ALN treatment significantly increased both cortical bone volume on day 21, and osteocyte and osteoblast numbers on day 56, compared to the control and sham groups. It can be concluded that PTX and ALN have antiresorptive effects, in OVX rats. Also, PTX has increased the extracellular matrix on both 21 and 56 days after surgery, compared to the other groups. PTX+ALN elevated cortical bone volume on day 21, and osteocyte and osteoblast numbers compared to the control and sham groups on day 56. (C) 2019 Urmia University. All rights reserved

The Self-control Model of Shiite Youth with a Grounded Theory Approach

For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Background and Objective: Self-control plays a significant role in physical and spiritual health. Studies have shown that spiritual attitudes and religious teachings play a role in promoting self-control. The purpose of this study was to determine the components of self-control construct in Shiite youth.Methods: Based on the purpose of the study, i.e. determining the self-control construct, and based on criterion-oriented studies in this regard, in the present study, qualitative approach was applied with grounded theory method for collecting data. The participants were 32 youths whose self-control was evaluated using a semi-structured interview. In this study, all the ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Results: The findings of this study showed that self-control construct in Shiite youth has four main components and fourteen subcomponents: 1) Attitude (belief in the benefits of avoidance, belief in harms of committing, attention to the emotions involved in the problem, problem solving, self-esteem); 2) self-motivation ability (the benefits of avoiding, paying attention to the damage done, paying attention to the emotions involved in the problem, and positive self-assertion); 3) the ability to control oneself and the environment (the ability to control attention, the ability to control impulse, the ability to control the environment, the active conditioning, socializing with good friends); and 4) adaptability, self-awareness, problem solving ability, flexibility, acceptance of excitement and behavior management, secondary positive evaluation.Conclusion: By comparing the results of the presents study with the text-based studies such as the one by Rafi’ee Honar, who considers the self-control construct as self-monitoring, target recognition, motivation, excitement control, cognitive control and persistent control, it can be found that the model developed in the present study makes the psychological self-control constructs more clear and, consequently, provides a more appropriate ground for developing self-control scales of the Shiite youth and appropriate psychological training programs for promoting self-control.For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.Please cite this article as: Farhoush M, Masteri-Farahani R, Jamshidi MA, Shokri-Khoubestani M, Ghorbani S. The Self-control Model of Shiite Youth with a Grounded Theory Approach. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(1):60-73. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i1.2123

Evaluation of the Effects of Photobiomodulation on Partial Osteotomy in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats

Objective: We examined the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on stereological parameters, and gene expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in repairing tissue of tibial bone defect in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM) in rats during catabolic response of fracture healing. Background data: There were conflicting results regarding the efficacy of PBM on bone healing process in healthy and diabetic animals. Materials and methods: Forty-eight rats have been distributed into four groups: group 1 (healthy control, no TIDM and no PBM), group 2 (healthy test, no TIDM and PBM), group 3 (diabetic control, TIDM and no PBM), and group 4 (diabetic test, no TIDM and PBM). TIDM was induced in the groups 3 and 4. A partial bone defect in tibia was made in all groups. The bone defects of groups second and fourth were irradiated by a laser (890 nm, 80 Hz, 1.5 J/cm2 ). Thirty days after the surgery, all bone defects were extracted and were submitted to stereological examination and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: PBM significantly increased volumes of total callus, total bone, bone marrow, trabecular bone, and cortical bone, and the numbers of osteocytes and osteoblasts of callus in TIDM rats compared to those of callus in diabetic control. In addition, TIDM increased RUNX2, and osteocalcin in callus of tibial bone defect compared to healthy group. PBM significantly decreased osteocalcin gene expression in TIDM rats. Conclusions: PBM significantly increased many stereological parameters of bone repair in an STZ-induced TIDM during catabolic response of fracture healing. Further RT-PCR test demonstrated that bone repair was modulated in diabetic rats during catabolic response of fracture healing by significant increase in mRNA expression of RUNX2, and osteocalcin compared to healthy control rats. PBM also decreased osteocalcin mRNA expression in TIDM rats

DNA Methylation and Histone Acetylation Patterns in Cultured Bovine Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells (BADSCs)

Objective: Many studies have focused on the epigenetic characteristics of donor cells to improve somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). We hypothesized that the epigenetic status and chromatin structure of undifferentiated bovine adipose tissue-derived stem cells (BADSCs) would not remain constant during different passages. The objective of this study was to determine the mRNA expression patterns of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b) and histone deacetyltransferses (HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3) in BADSCs. In addition, we compared the measured levels of octamer binding protein-4 expression (OCT4) and acetylation of H3K9 (H3K9ac) in BADSCs cultures and different passages in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, subcutaneous fat was obtained from adult cows immediately post-mortem. Relative level of DNMTs and HDACs was examined using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR), and the level of OCT4 and H3K9ac was analyzed by flow cytometry at passages 3 (P3), 5 (P5) and 7 (P7). Results: The OCT4 protein level was similar at P3 and P5 but a significant decrease in its level was seen at P7. The highest and lowest levels of H3K9ac were observed at P5 and P7, respectively. At P5, the expression of HDACs and DNMTs was significantly decreased. In contrast, a remarkable increase in the expression of DNMTs was observed at P7. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that the epigenetic status of BADSCs was variable during culture. The P5 cells showed the highest level of stemness and multipotency and the lowest level of chromatin compaction. Therefore, we suggest that P5 cells may be more efficient for SCNT compared with other passages

Effect of HeatTreatment with Modified Soybean Oil on Mechanical Properties of Beech

Heat treatment is one of the processes used to modify the properties of wood. The investigation of thermal treatment of wood has led to the improvement of heat treatment with vegetable oils. Heat treatment improves the dimensional stability and biological durability, but reduces the mechanical properties of wood. In this research, to improve the mechanical properties with other properties of wood, soybean oil modified with maleic anhydride was used for thermal treatment. Wood speciments were subjected to heat treatment soybean oil modified with maleic anhydride at two temperature (180 and 200° C ) and three time (2, 4 and 6 hours). Untreated beech was used as comparison for each treatment conditions. In this study, the effects of heat treatment on physical properties )water absorption and volumetric changes) and mechanical properties such as Bending strength) ISO 3133-1975(, Compression strength Parallel to grain) ISO 3787-1976 (and Impact bending) DIN 52189( were examined. The test results of heat-treated with modified soybean oil and control samples showed that physical and mechanical properties increases with heat treatment

Supplementation of L-carnitine during in vitro maturation of mouse oocytes affects expression of genes involved in oocyte and embryo competence: An experimental study

Background: Oocyte developmental competence is one of the key factors for determining the success rate of assisted reproductive technique. Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of L-carnitine (LC) supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM), on preimplantation embryo development and expression of genes involved in embryo competence derived from oocytes selected with brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) test. Materials and Methods: Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were obtained from NMRI mice ovaries. COCs were stained with BCB and then BCB+ (colored cytoplasm) oocytes cultured in IVM medium supplemented with 0.3 or 0.6 mg/ml LC. COCs untreated with LC were used as control. Fertilization rate and blastocyst development rate were determined after in vitro fertilization. In addition, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to measure relative genes expression related with development (Ccnb1, Mos, Ces5, and Dppa2) and apoptosis (Bax and Bcl-xL) in oocytes and embryos. Results: Oocytes treated with both LC concentrations showed higher blastocyst development rate compared with untreated oocytes (p<0.01). Moreover, fertilization rate was increased in oocytes treated with 0.6 mg/ml LC (p<0.01). Treatment of oocytes with both LC concentrations increased (p<0.01) the level of Ccnb1 mRNA in MII oocytes. The two-cell stage embryos and blastocysts derived from LC-treated oocytes (0.6 mg/ml) showed increased the expression levels of Dppa2 and Bcl-xl mRNA, respectively (p<0.01). Conclusion: The results of the present study show that adding of LC to the IVM medium of BCB+ oocytes can ameliorate reproductive success following in vitro fertilization

نموذج الضبط الذاتي لدى شباب الشيعة مع النظر الى النظرية البنيوية

سابقه و هدف: خودمهارگری نقش بسزایی در سلامت جسمی و معنوی دارد. در پژوهش‌هایی نشان داده‌ شده که نگرش‌های معنوی و آموزه‌های دینی در ارتقای خودمهارگری نقش دارند. هدف این پژوهش تعیین مؤلفه‌های سازۀ خودمهارگری در جوانان شیعه بود. روش کار: با توجه به هدف پژوهش که تدوین سازۀ خودمهارگری بود و با توجه به پژوهش‌های ملاک‌محور انجام شده در این زمینه؛ در این پژوهش، جمع‌آوری داده‌ها با روش مصاحبۀ کیفی و تحلیل داده‌ها با روش نظریۀ زمینه‌ای (کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتزاعی) انجام شد. شرکت‌کنندگان در پژوهش 32 نفر از جوانان شیعه (14 زن و 18 مرد در سنین 22 تا 45) بودند که چگونگی خودمهارگری آنان با استفاده از مصاحبۀ نیمه‌ساختاریافته ارزیابی شد. در این پژوهش همۀ موارد اخلاقی رعایت شده است و مؤلفان مقاله هیچ‌گونه تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده‌اند. یافته‌ها: یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که سازۀ خودمهارگری در جوانان شیعه، دارای چهار مؤلفۀ اصلی و 20 ریزمؤلفه است: 1) نگرش (باور به فواید اجتناب، باور به آسیب‌های ارتکاب، اهتمام به احساسات درگیر در مسئله و عزّت ‌نفس)، 2) توانایی خودانگیزشی (توجه به فواید اجتناب، توجه به آسیب‌های ارتکاب، توجه به احساسات درگیر در مسئله، تلقین مثبت به خود و الگوگیری از اهل بیت)، 3) توانایی کنترل خود و محیط (توانایی بازداری توجه، توانایی کنترل تکانه، توانایی کنترل محیط، شرطی‌سازی کنشگر، معاشرت با دوستان خوب و مداومت بر عمل مطلوب) و 4) سازگاری (خودآگاهی، توانایی حل مسئله، انعطاف‌پذیری، پذیرش هیجان و مدیریت رفتار و ارزیابی مثبت ثانویۀ معنوی). نتیجه‌گیری: با مقایسۀ نتایج این پژوهش با پژوهش‌های متن‌محور همچون پژوهش رفیعی‌هنر که سازۀ خودمهارگری را شامل خودنظارت‌گری، هدف‌شناسی، انگیزش، مهار هیجانی، مهار رفتاری، مهار شناختی و مهار تداوم‌بخش دانسته است، مشاهده می‌شود که مدل حاصل از این پژوهش سازوکارهای روانی خودمهارگری را آشکارتر کرده و در نتیجه بستر مناسب‌تری برای تدوین مقیاس خودمهارگری جوان شیعۀ مسلمان و تدوین برنامه‌های آموزش روانی معنوی مناسب برای ارتقای خودمهارگری فراهم کرده است. استناد مقاله به این صورت است: Farhoush M, Masteri-Farahani R, Jamshidi MA, Shokri-Khoubestani M, Ghorbani S. The Self-Control Model of Shiite Youth with a Grounded Theory Approach. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(1):60-73. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i1.21233Background and Objective: Self-control plays a significant role in physical and spiritual health. Studies have shown that spiritual attitudes and religious teachings play a role in promoting self-control. The purpose of this study was to determine the components of self-control construct in Shiite youth. Methods: Based on the purpose of the study, i.e. determining the self-control construct, and based on criterion-oriented studies in this regard, in the present study, qualitative approach was applied with grounded theory method for collecting data. The participants were 32 youths whose self-control was evaluated using a semi-structured interview. In this study, all the ethical considerations were observed and no conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Results: The findings of this study showed that self-control construct in Shiite youth has four main components and fourteen subcomponents: 1) Attitude (belief in the benefits of avoidance, belief in harms of committing, attention to the emotions involved in the problem, problem solving, self-esteem); 2) self-motivation ability (the benefits of avoiding, paying attention to the damage done, paying attention to the emotions involved in the problem, and positive self-assertion); 3) the ability to control oneself and the environment (the ability to control attention, the ability to control impulse, the ability to control the environment, the active conditioning, socializing with good friends); and 4) adaptability, self-awareness, problem solving ability, flexibility, acceptance of excitement and behavior management, secondary positive evaluation. Conclusion: By comparing the results of the presents study with the text-based studies such as the one by Rafi’ee Honar, who considers the self-control construct as self-monitoring, target recognition, motivation, excitement control, cognitive control and persistent control, it can be found that the model developed in the present study makes the psychological self-control constructs more clear and, consequently, provides a more appropriate ground for developing self-control scales of the Shiite youth and appropriate psychological training programs for promoting self-control. Please cite this article as: Farhoush M, Masteri-Farahani R, Jamshidi MA, Shokri-Khoubestani M, Ghorbani S. The Self-control Model of Shiite Youth with a Grounded Theory Approach. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(1):60-73. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i1.21233خلفية البحث وأهدافه: الضبط الذاتي له دور كبير في توفير السلامة الجسدية والروحية. أظهرت الدراسات بأن التوجهات الروحية والتعاليم الدينية لها دور في رفع مستوى الضبط الذاتي. أن الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد العناصر المؤلفة للضبط الذاتي عند شباب الشيعة. منهجية البحث: نظرا الى الهدف من الدراسة والذي هو صياغة هيكلية الضبط الذاتي ونظرا الى الأبحاث ذات المحاور المعيارية والتي تمت في هذاالمجال؛ فقد تم في هذه الدراسة تجميع المعلومات بأسلوب المقابلة النوعية و تفسير المعلومات بأسلوب النظرية البنيوية (وضع مفاتيح مفتوحة، محورية و انتزاعية). كان عدد المشاركين في هذه الدراسة 32 شخصاً من شباب الشيعة (14 أمرأة و 18 رجلاً في أعمار 22 الى 45) وتم تقييم كيفية ضبطهم الذاتي عبر اجراء مقابلة شبه منظمة. تمت مراعاة جميع الموارد الأخلاقية في هذا البحث؛ فإن مؤلفي البحث لم يشيروا الى اي تضارب في المصالح. الكشوفات: أظهرت كشوفات الدراسة بأن هيكلية الضبط الذاتي لدى شباب الشيعة لديها أربعة عناصر رئيسية و 20 عنصر فرعي: 1) التوجه (الايمان بفوائد الاجتناب، الايمان بأضرار الارتكاب، الاهتمام بالمشاعر المعنية بالقضية وعزة النفس)؛ 2) القدرة على الدفع الذاتي (الاهتمام بفوائد الاجتناب، الأهتمام بأضرار الارتكاب، الاهتمام بالمشاعر المعنية بالقضية، التلقين الايجابي لأنفسناوالاقتداء بأهل البيت (ع))؛ 3) القدرة على مراقبة الذات والبيئة (القدرة على ردع الاهتمام، القدرة على المراقبة الفردية، القدرة على مراقبة البيئة، التكييف المشروط، معاشرة الاصدقاء الجيدين و المثابرة على العمل المطلوب) و 4) الملائمة (الوعي الذاتي، القدرة على حل المشكلة، المرونة، قبول الاثارة وإدارة السلوك و التقييم الروحي الايجابي الثانوي).&nbsp; الاستنتاج: مع مقارنة نتائج هذه الدراسة بدراسات محورها النصوص مثل دراسة رفيعي في الفنون الذي تعتبر أن هيكلية الضبط الذاتي تتضمن الأشراف الذاتي، معرفة الهدف، الدافع، ضبط الاثارة، الضبط السلوكي، ضبط المعرفة و ضبط الأستمرارية نشاهد ان النموذج الناتج عن هذه الدراسة قد أبرز اكثر الأليات النفسية في الضبط الذاتي و بالتالي قامت بتوفير أرضية مناسبة اكثر لصياغة مقاييس الضبط الذاتي عند شباب الشيعة المسلمين وصياغة برامج تعليمية روحية ونفسية مناسبة من أجل رفع مستوى الضبط الذاتي. &nbsp; يتم استناد المقالة على الترتيب التالي: Farhoush M, Masteri-Farahani R, Jamshidi MA, Shokri-Khoubestani M, Ghorbani S. The Self-control Model of Shiite Youth with a Grounded Theory Approach. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2020;6(1):60-73. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i1.2123

Evaluation of the Effects of Photobiomodulation on Partial Osteotomy in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Rats

Objective: We examined the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on stereological parameters, and gene expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) in repairing tissue of tibial bone defect in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (TIDM) in rats during catabolic response of fracture healing. Background data: There were conflicting results regarding the efficacy of PBM on bone healing process in healthy and diabetic animals. Materials and methods: Forty-eight rats have been distributed into four groups: group 1 (healthy control, no TIDM and no PBM), group 2 (healthy test, no TIDM and PBM), group 3 (diabetic control, TIDM and no PBM), and group 4 (diabetic test, no TIDM and PBM). TIDM was induced in the groups 3 and 4. A partial bone defect in tibia was made in all groups. The bone defects of groups second and fourth were irradiated by a laser (890nm, 80Hz, 1.5J/cm(2)). Thirty days after the surgery, all bone defects were extracted and were submitted to stereological examination and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: PBM significantly increased volumes of total callus, total bone, bone marrow, trabecular bone, and cortical bone, and the numbers of osteocytes and osteoblasts of callus in TIDM rats compared to those of callus in diabetic control. In addition, TIDM increased RUNX2, and osteocalcin in callus of tibial bone defect compared to healthy group. PBM significantly decreased osteocalcin gene expression in TIDM rats. Conclusions: PBM significantly increased many stereological parameters of bone repair in an STZ-induced TIDM during catabolic response of fracture healing. Further RT-PCR test demonstrated that bone repair was modulated in diabetic rats during catabolic response of fracture healing by significant increase in mRNA expression of RUNX2, and osteocalcin compared to healthy control rats. PBM also decreased osteocalcin mRNA expression in TIDM rats

Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and QSAR study of new aza-cyclopenta[b]fluorene-1,9-dione derivatives

Thirty novel derivatives of aza-cyclopenta[b]fluorene-1,9-dione were synthesized, and their cytotoxic activities were tested against HeLa, LS180, MCF-7, and Raji cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Two derivatives containing nitrofuryl moiety, including 10-(5-nitro-furan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-4-aza-cyclopenta[b]fluorene-1,9-dione (IC50 range: 5.713.0 mu m) and 10-(5-Nitro-furan-2-yl)-2,3,4,10-tetrahydro-4-aza-cyclopenta[b]fluorene-1,9-dione (IC50 range: 3.620.2 mu m), as well as 10-(2-Nitro-phenyl)-2,3,4,10-tetrahydro-4-aza-cyclopenta[b]fluorene-1,9-dione (IC50 range: 3.127.1 mu m) with nitrophenyl moiety on C10 position, were the most effective compounds. Furthermore, the effect of physiochemical descriptors on the cytotoxicity was evaluated by quantitative structureactivity relationship analysis. The quantitative structureactivity relationship results showed that molecular dipole moment, molar refractivity, fragment-based parameters, and some topological indices were influential on the cytotoxic effect. Finally, the good correlation that was found among cytotoxic data obtained from different cell lines may be an implication of a common cytotoxic mechanism in these cell lines. These findings provide useful structural information for the rational design and synthesis of efficient chemotherapeutic agents for treatment for cancer