http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-104290 The Concentration of b-Carotene in Human Adipocytes, but Not the Whole-Body Adipocyte Stores, Is Reduced in

We have examined the concentration of b-carotene in the fat of isolated abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes obtained from lean (BMI,23 kg/m 2), non-obese with higher BMI (23#BMI,28 kg/m 2), obese (BMI$28 kg/m 2), and from a group of obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. The concentration of b-carotene was 50 % lower in the adipocytes from the obese and obese/diabetic groups compared with the lean and non-obese groups. Interestingly, the total amount of b-carotene in the adipocyte stores of each subject was constant among all groups. Triacylglycerol constituted 9261 % (by weight) of the adipocyte lipids in the lean group and this was increased to 9962 % in the obese group with diabetes (p,0.05). The concentration of cholesteryl esters was in all cases,0.1 g per 100 g of total lipids, demonstrating that mature human adipocytes have negligible stores of cholesteryl ester. Our findings demonstrate that adipocyte concentrations of b-carotene are reduced in obese subjects. The lower concentrations in adipocytes from subjects with type 2 diabetes apparently reflect subjects obesity. Our finding that whole-body stores of b-carotene in adipocytes are constant raises new questions regarding what function it serves, as well as the mechanisms for maintaining constant levels in the face of varie

The Concentration of beta-Carotene in Human Adipocytes, but Not the Whole-Body Adipocyte Stores, Is Reduced in Obesity

We have examined the concentration of beta-carotene in the fat of isolated abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes obtained from lean (BMIless than23 kg/m(2)), non-obese with higher BMI (23 less than= BMIless than28 kg/m(2)), obese (BMI greater than= 28 kg/m(2)), and from a group of obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. The concentration of b-carotene was 50% lower in the adipocytes from the obese and obese/diabetic groups compared with the lean and non-obese groups. Interestingly, the total amount of beta-carotene in the adipocyte stores of each subject was constant among all groups. Triacylglycerol constituted 92 +/- 1% (by weight) of the adipocyte lipids in the lean group and this was increased to 99 +/- 2% in the obese group with diabetes (pless than0.05). The concentration of cholesteryl esters was in all cases less than0.1 g per 100 g of total lipids, demonstrating that mature human adipocytes have negligible stores of cholesteryl ester. Our findings demonstrate that adipocyte concentrations of beta-carotene are reduced in obese subjects. The lower concentrations in adipocytes from subjects with type 2 diabetes apparently reflect subjects obesity. Our finding that whole-body stores of beta-carotene in adipocytes are constant raises new questions regarding what function it serves, as well as the mechanisms for maintaining constant levels in the face of varied adipose tissue mass among individuals over a period of time

The Concentration of beta-Carotene in Human Adipocytes, but Not the Whole-Body Adipocyte Stores, Is Reduced in Obesity

We have examined the concentration of beta-carotene in the fat of isolated abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes obtained from lean (BMIless than23 kg/m(2)), non-obese with higher BMI (23 less than= BMIless than28 kg/m(2)), obese (BMI greater than= 28 kg/m(2)), and from a group of obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. The concentration of b-carotene was 50% lower in the adipocytes from the obese and obese/diabetic groups compared with the lean and non-obese groups. Interestingly, the total amount of beta-carotene in the adipocyte stores of each subject was constant among all groups. Triacylglycerol constituted 92 +/- 1% (by weight) of the adipocyte lipids in the lean group and this was increased to 99 +/- 2% in the obese group with diabetes (pless than0.05). The concentration of cholesteryl esters was in all cases less than0.1 g per 100 g of total lipids, demonstrating that mature human adipocytes have negligible stores of cholesteryl ester. Our findings demonstrate that adipocyte concentrations of beta-carotene are reduced in obese subjects. The lower concentrations in adipocytes from subjects with type 2 diabetes apparently reflect subjects obesity. Our finding that whole-body stores of beta-carotene in adipocytes are constant raises new questions regarding what function it serves, as well as the mechanisms for maintaining constant levels in the face of varied adipose tissue mass among individuals over a period of time

Total adipocyte stores of β-carotene in subjects.

<p>Whole body content of β-carotene stored in adipocytes was determined for each subject as the adipocyte concentration of β-carotene adjusted for total body fat. No statistically significant difference was found between the mean values in the groups using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), p>0.5.</p

Correlation of BMI and insulin-resistance index (HOMA) with adipocyte concentration of β-carotene.

<p>(A) All subjects were included. There is a significant correlation between adipocyte content of β-carotene and BMI of donor subjects: Y = 7.14–0.10X; r2 = 0.10; p = 0.02. (B) All non-diabetic subjects were included. There is no significant correlation between adipocyte content of β-carotene and HOMA of non-diabetic donor subjects.</p

Subjects and clinical parameters (mean ± SD).

<p>Subjects and clinical parameters (mean ± SD).</p

Concentration of TAG and β-carotene in lipid extracts of adipocytes.

<p>The concentrations of TAG (A) and of β-carotene (B) were determined in lipid extracts of isolated adipocytes from subjects that were divided into groups of lean (BMI<23 kg/m²), non-obese (23≤BMI<28 kg/m²), obese (BMI≥28 kg/m²), or obese subjects with type 2 diabetes (as indicated). Lines indicate significant differences between indicated groups (p<0.05).</p

Spatial Inequality: A Multidimensional Perspective

This chapter provides a discussion on the concept of spatial inequality from a multidimensional perspective. The idea put forth is to emphasize the interconnection between an unfair outcome distribution and its individual variation at the local level. The additional information on the spatial dimension allows for a different proposal in terms of both measurement and policy implications. The first step is to present a brief overview of the concept of spatial inequality. We then look at a novel aspect of the spatial pattern of inequality of opportunity. Finally, the chapter suggests several regional and national policies investigating the trade-off of equity and efficiency in the process of redistribution