Use of military obstacle course „TYPE A“ in condition preparation of handball players

Cilj je ovog rada prikazati vojni poligon kao sredstvo trenaţnog procesa te obraditi njegovu svrhu različitim oblicima primjene, bilo sportskog treninga, nastavnog procesa ili pripremanja vojnika za borbene zadaće. Ovaj tip poligona standardizirana je sportska aktivnost unutar vojnog petoboja, shodno tome cilj je upoznati čitatelja s MeĎunarodnom vojnom organizacijom koja je osmislila vojni petoboj i poligon kao takav te koja organizira sportska vojna natjecanja na svim razinama. Rad ulazi u strukturu rukometa kao igre te različitih faza kondicijske pripreme sportaša. Poligonom su objašnjene redoslijedom sve prepreke te motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti koje se njime razvijaju.The goal of this thesis is to demonstrate military obstacle course as an element of a training process and to elaborate its purpose through different types of use, either if it means in sport training, teaching process or preparing soldiers for combat tasks. This type of polygon as standardized sport activity is part of military pentathlon, therefore my intention is to introduce reader to International military organization which has established military pentathlon and military obstacle course as they are today, and whose main purpose is to organize military sports competitions on all levels. The main goal of this thesis is to elaborate the structure of handball game as it is and different phases of physical preparation of athletes. The polygon is described by its obstacle order as it is described by motor and functional skills which are developed by obstacle course

Use of military obstacle course „TYPE A“ in condition preparation of handball players

Cilj je ovog rada prikazati vojni poligon kao sredstvo trenaţnog procesa te obraditi njegovu svrhu različitim oblicima primjene, bilo sportskog treninga, nastavnog procesa ili pripremanja vojnika za borbene zadaće. Ovaj tip poligona standardizirana je sportska aktivnost unutar vojnog petoboja, shodno tome cilj je upoznati čitatelja s MeĎunarodnom vojnom organizacijom koja je osmislila vojni petoboj i poligon kao takav te koja organizira sportska vojna natjecanja na svim razinama. Rad ulazi u strukturu rukometa kao igre te različitih faza kondicijske pripreme sportaša. Poligonom su objašnjene redoslijedom sve prepreke te motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti koje se njime razvijaju.The goal of this thesis is to demonstrate military obstacle course as an element of a training process and to elaborate its purpose through different types of use, either if it means in sport training, teaching process or preparing soldiers for combat tasks. This type of polygon as standardized sport activity is part of military pentathlon, therefore my intention is to introduce reader to International military organization which has established military pentathlon and military obstacle course as they are today, and whose main purpose is to organize military sports competitions on all levels. The main goal of this thesis is to elaborate the structure of handball game as it is and different phases of physical preparation of athletes. The polygon is described by its obstacle order as it is described by motor and functional skills which are developed by obstacle course

Use of military obstacle course „TYPE A“ in condition preparation of handball players

Cilj je ovog rada prikazati vojni poligon kao sredstvo trenaţnog procesa te obraditi njegovu svrhu različitim oblicima primjene, bilo sportskog treninga, nastavnog procesa ili pripremanja vojnika za borbene zadaće. Ovaj tip poligona standardizirana je sportska aktivnost unutar vojnog petoboja, shodno tome cilj je upoznati čitatelja s MeĎunarodnom vojnom organizacijom koja je osmislila vojni petoboj i poligon kao takav te koja organizira sportska vojna natjecanja na svim razinama. Rad ulazi u strukturu rukometa kao igre te različitih faza kondicijske pripreme sportaša. Poligonom su objašnjene redoslijedom sve prepreke te motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti koje se njime razvijaju.The goal of this thesis is to demonstrate military obstacle course as an element of a training process and to elaborate its purpose through different types of use, either if it means in sport training, teaching process or preparing soldiers for combat tasks. This type of polygon as standardized sport activity is part of military pentathlon, therefore my intention is to introduce reader to International military organization which has established military pentathlon and military obstacle course as they are today, and whose main purpose is to organize military sports competitions on all levels. The main goal of this thesis is to elaborate the structure of handball game as it is and different phases of physical preparation of athletes. The polygon is described by its obstacle order as it is described by motor and functional skills which are developed by obstacle course

Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Counteracts Hypertension and Compromised Optic Disc Circulation and Following Atrophy in Rats Subjected to High Fructose Diet

INTRODUCTION We sought to determine whether stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in rats subjected to a high fructose diet counteracts hypertension and compromised optic disc circulation and following atrophy. METHODS: Rats were put on a high fructose (80%) diet during a 1 month period. The treated group received BPC 157 in drinking water (10 ng/kg/rat/day). Their blood pressure was regularly measured, and they were subjected to ocular fundus examination. RESULTS At the end of the 1 month period, in control rats, with a mean blood pressure of 146 mmHg, we observed a pale optic disc with well-defined outer borders. In addition, the excavation noticed suggests compromised optic disc circulation and atrophy. Very thin arteries and thick hyperemic veins appeared, resulting in an arterial/vein diameter ratio of about 1/4. An abnormal red reflex and reduced brightness from the choroid suggests a decreased blood flow and choroidal blood filling. Contrarily, in the treated group of rats, who presented with a mean blood pressure of about 132 mmHg, all these changes were significantly attenuated. The optic disc appeared more vivid and healthier with less compromised circulation, and the arterial/vein diameter ratio was about 3/4. The choroid in rats drinking BPC 157 was brighter and with a more pronounced shade of red. CONCLUSION BPC 157 may be considered for treating hypertension, particularly when vascular obstruction is present

The effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on high-fat diet induced hypertension in rat

Hyperlipidaemia, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia are known as factors that increas blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular complications. We wanted to examine effects of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on high-fat diet induced hypertension in rats. 4 Male Winstar Albino rats (240g) 4 months old, were used in this study. 2 rats per each group were fed with fat (white bacon) for 4 weeks. Control group was given water p.o. ad libitum while BPC group was given (10ng/kg) of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 per liter solution p.o. ad libitum. Blood pressure was measured using noninvasive tail cuff method every day for 4 weeks period. Systolic blood pressure increased in both groups but increase in control groups was significantly higher then in BPC 157 threated group (CON day 0. = 158 mmHg, BPC day 0. = 155 mmHg; CON day 25. = 205 mmHg, BPC day 25. = 165 mmHg) .Drop of blood pressure in first few days can be attributed to adapting on the new food that was given to rats. Feeding rats with a high-fat diet is known to produce changes of which one of the consequence is increased blood pressure or hypertension. We proved that pentadecapeptide BPC 157 decreases systolic blood pressure induced by fat diet

Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy in bile duct ligated (bdl) rats

Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 demonstrates beneficial healing and anti-inflammatory effects on gastrointestinal and many extra - gastrointestinal tissues. Bile duct ligation causes inflammation and fibrotic changes in the liver. We wanted to explore effect of BPC 157 on bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. Rats received BPC 157 perorally, in drinking water (0.16μg/ml, 0.16ng/ml,), or 10 μg/kg, 10 ng/kg intraperitoneally, first application at 30 min after surgery, last at 24h before sacrifice. Alternatively, delayed therapy, BPC 157 perorally, in drinking water (0.16μg/ml), started at the end of week 4 . Controls received simultaneously drinking water or an equal volume of saline (5ml/kg) intraperitoneally. At the end of the 2nd week, quantitative measurement of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α has been utilized using ELISA kits and NOS-3 Western Blot Analysis was performed. For assessing cell proliferation rate antibodies of monoclonal mouse Ki-67 were used at the 2, 4, 6, 8 week of BDL. Western blot analysis of NOS-3 expression in liver tissue showed that BPC 157 decreased the expression of NOS-3 protein. At 2 weeks, BDL-rat regularly exhibited the increased TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β liver levels but these values were counteracted with the administration of BPC 157 in drinking water. Since 2nd week until the 8th week, we noted decreased LI of Ki-67. This research shows that BPC 157 decreases hepatocyte proliferative activity, counteracts increased NOS–3 expresion, as well as increased IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β in liver tissue

Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy in rats with cysteamine induced-terminal ileitis

We introduce pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy in rats with cysteamine induced-terminal ileitis 1h/1month/2months. We counteracted gross hyperemia, edema, erosion, bleeding, microscopically significant loss of villous architecture, loss and shortening of villae and severe lymphocytic infiltrate. Pentadecapeptide counteracts various lesions in the whole GI-tract and free radical formation, and tested in ulcerative colitis trials and now in multiple sclerosis. Cysteamine was known to induce gastric-acid hypersecretion as a prototype of duodenal lesion. Cysteamine induced duodenal lesions after gastrectomy, and applied as an enema, ulcerative colitis in rats Cysteamine was applied in female Albino Wistar rats into the terminal ileum, 5 cm segment up to ileocecal valve, which was kept gently compressed for 1 min, and then released. Medication(BPC, or saline (controls)) was applied as an abdominal bath immediately after the end of the cysteamine application procedure, and then if rats were not sacrificed at 1 h, continuously, perorally in drinking water till the end of 1 or 2 months The hyperemia, edema, erosion and bleeding scores were summarized. Microscopically, cysteamine induced terminal ileitis presents with: submucosal congestion, significant loss of villous architecture, loss and shortening of villae and lamina propria infiltrated with mild to severe lymphocytic infiltrate, much like intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration and some epithelial elevation from lamina propria. Better preservation of mucosal architecture appears in pentadecapeptide treated rats. There is only mild villous edema with capillary congestion and mild lymphocytic infiltrate. No epithelial elevation from lamina propria For further therapy, beneficial effect of the BPC counteracts cysteamine- terminal ileitis

Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Counteracts Hypertension and Compromised Optic Disc Circulation and Following Atrophy in Rats Subjected to High Fructose Diet

INTRODUCTION We sought to determine whether stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in rats subjected to a high fructose diet counteracts hypertension and compromised optic disc circulation and following atrophy. METHODS: Rats were put on a high fructose (80%) diet during a 1 month period. The treated group received BPC 157 in drinking water (10 ng/kg/rat/day). Their blood pressure was regularly measured, and they were subjected to ocular fundus examination. RESULTS At the end of the 1 month period, in control rats, with a mean blood pressure of 146 mmHg, we observed a pale optic disc with well-defined outer borders. In addition, the excavation noticed suggests compromised optic disc circulation and atrophy. Very thin arteries and thick hyperemic veins appeared, resulting in an arterial/vein diameter ratio of about 1/4. An abnormal red reflex and reduced brightness from the choroid suggests a decreased blood flow and choroidal blood filling. Contrarily, in the treated group of rats, who presented with a mean blood pressure of about 132 mmHg, all these changes were significantly attenuated. The optic disc appeared more vivid and healthier with less compromised circulation, and the arterial/vein diameter ratio was about 3/4. The choroid in rats drinking BPC 157 was brighter and with a more pronounced shade of red. CONCLUSION BPC 157 may be considered for treating hypertension, particularly when vascular obstruction is present

Complications of portal triad obstruction and reperfusion in rats. pentadecapeptide BPC 157 counteracts venous and arterial thrombosis and arrhythmias

We wanted to explore effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy in temporary portal triad obstruction (PTO) (hepatic artery (HA), portal vein (PV), bile duct occlusion for 30 min in rats), and in reperfusion period in post-PTO-period on the counteraction of the Pringle maneuver complications (cloth formation in the PV, superior mesenteric vein (SMV), lienal vein (LV), inferior caval vein (ICV) HA, peaked P wave and tachycardia). Medication (BPC 157 (10 μg/kg, 10 ng/kg), or saline (5 ml/kg) (controls)) was applied as a bath at the clamped area after portal triad clamping in rats with PTO or at the area that used to be clamped at 1 min or at 24 h reperfusion time. A period of 30 min of PTO produced thrombosis in the ICV, PV, SMV, LV and HA. In BPC 157 treated rats, the weights of the formed clots were smaller. PTO rats exhibited peaked P wave values and tachycardia which were absent in BPC 157-treated rats. Rats in post-PTO-period, during reperfusion exhibited peaked P wave values and tachycardia. Applications of BPC 157 (given at 1 min or at 24 h reperfusion time) resulted in the absence of the peaked P waves. Tachycardia was also affected; sinus rhythm appeared in a normal range of heart frequency. Confronted with Pringle maneuver and its consequences, BPC 157 therapy distinctively mitigates the whole syndrome, involving the counteraction of the course of the thrombosis in both veins and arteries, and ECG acute right ventricular overload

Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy in bile duct ligated (bdl) rats

Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 demonstrates beneficial healing and anti-inflammatory effects on gastrointestinal and many extra - gastrointestinal tissues. Bile duct ligation causes inflammation and fibrotic changes in the liver. We wanted to explore effect of BPC 157 on bile duct ligation (BDL) in rats. Rats received BPC 157 perorally, in drinking water (0.16μg/ml, 0.16ng/ml,), or 10 μg/kg, 10 ng/kg intraperitoneally, first application at 30 min after surgery, last at 24h before sacrifice. Alternatively, delayed therapy, BPC 157 perorally, in drinking water (0.16μg/ml), started at the end of week 4 . Controls received simultaneously drinking water or an equal volume of saline (5ml/kg) intraperitoneally. At the end of the 2nd week, quantitative measurement of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α has been utilized using ELISA kits and NOS-3 Western Blot Analysis was performed. For assessing cell proliferation rate antibodies of monoclonal mouse Ki-67 were used at the 2, 4, 6, 8 week of BDL. Western blot analysis of NOS-3 expression in liver tissue showed that BPC 157 decreased the expression of NOS-3 protein. At 2 weeks, BDL-rat regularly exhibited the increased TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β liver levels but these values were counteracted with the administration of BPC 157 in drinking water. Since 2nd week until the 8th week, we noted decreased LI of Ki-67. This research shows that BPC 157 decreases hepatocyte proliferative activity, counteracts increased NOS–3 expresion, as well as increased IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β in liver tissue