16 research outputs found

    Titanate nanotubes produced from microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis : characterization, adsorption and photocatalytic activity

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    A microwave-assisted hydrothermal (MAH) method was employed to synthesize TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) and these were compared to the conventional hydrothermal (CH) method. The nanotubes were characterized for their crystallinity, morphology, surface area and photocatalytic activity. The TiO2 P25 was used for comparison purposes and efficiently degraded both dyes. However, methylene blue was adsorbed on the nanotube surfaces, which can be attributed to the electrostatic interaction between the cationic methylene blue and the negatively charged TNT surface. On the other hand, all nanotubes had a photocatalytic performance with methyl orange (anionic dye). Additional degradation was observed for nanotubes synthesized via the MAH method at 150 °C. This can be directly related to their larger surface area. Adsorption mechanisms of TNTs were also discussed by applying the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. The results show an efficient dye wastewater treatment through the application of TNT photocatalyst

    Synthesis of hydro-sodalite as a heterogeneous catalyst for reaction kinetics of soybean oil trans-esterification

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    coal fly ash as a catalyst, under reaction conditions with different temperatures and reaction times. The catalyst characterization revealed that zeolite type hydro-sodalite was synthesized and consists of mesoporous agglomerates particles with a specific surface area of 7.53 m² g-1 and a basic catalytic character. The conversion rate of soybean oil to its methyl esters was found to increase with an increase in temperature. An ester yield of 92.5% was the highest methyl ester achieved at 65°C and at a 12:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics with a calculated activation energy (Ea) of 27.23 kJ mol-1

    Suscetibilidade do biodiesel de sebo bovino à biodegradação por Pseudallescheria boydii

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    The characteristics of biodiesel produced can affect its susceptibility to biodegradation by microbial action, which has been of frequent concern since it leads to changes of fuel properties during storage. The goal of the present work was to compare the microbial growth in biodiesel obtained from tallow catalyzed by NaOH or KOH and purified with water or the solid adsorbent magnesium silicate. The experiment was carried out in 200 mL glass bottles containing 45 mL of mineral medium and 5 mL of each type of biodiesel (4 treatments) and 104 spores.mL­–1 of the filamentous fungi Pseudallescheria boydii. The analyses were carried out during 60 days and after each 10 days it was evaluated: fungi biomass formation (dry weight); production of metabolites originated from the fungi growth (pH); variation in the amount of total esters and total glycerol in the oily phase. After 60 days it was possible to observe lower biomass formation in the biodiesel NaOH-water (576 mg) followed by biodiesel NaOH-magnesol (773 mg). The biodiesel KOH-magnesol and KOH-water favored the biomass formation (891 mg and 930 mg respectively).As características do biodiesel produzido podem afetar a sua suscetibilidade à biodegradação por ação microbiana, o que tem sido uma preocupação freqüente, pois leva a mudanças nas propriedades de combustível durante o armazenamento. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar o crescimento microbiano em biodiesel de sebo bovino, catalisado com NaOH ou KOH e purificado com água ou com o adsorvente sólido silicato de magnésio. O experimento foi realizado em frascos de vidro com capacidade para 200 mL, constituído de 45 mL de meio mínimo mineral e 5 mL de cada tipo de biodiesel (4 tratamentos), e foram adicionados 104 esporos.mL-1 do fungo filamentoso Pseudallescheria boydii. As análises foram realizadas durante 60 dias, a cada 10 dias avaliou-se: formação de biomassa do fungo (peso seco); produção de metabólitos oriundos do crescimento do fungo (pH); e, na fase oleosa, a variação no teor de ésteres totais e de glicerina total. Ao final dos 60 dias, pode-se observar menor formação de biomassa no biodiesel NaOH-Água (576 mg), seguido pelo biodiesel NaOH-Magnesol (773 mg). Os biodieseis KOH-Magnesol e KOH-Água favoreceram a formação de biomassa (891 mg e 930 mg, respectivamente)

    Caracterização e utilização da cinza de casca de arroz como adsorvente na purificação de biodiesel de óleo de fritura

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    Neste trabalho utilizou-se um resíduo agroindustrial (cinza de casca de arroz - CCA) na purificação do biodiesel obtido por transesterificação alcalina de óleo de fritura. Foram caracterizadas as matérias primas e os produtos usando técnicas físico-químicas. Testaram-se diferentes concentrações de CCA em relação ao biodiesel (1, 2, 3, 4 e 5%) e comparou-se com dois métodos de purificação (lavagem aquosa ácida e adsorção em Magnesol®). A avaliação quantitativa da eficiência da CCA na purificação do biodiesel foi realizada a partir de um estudo usando uma amostra padrão de ésteres metílicos (FAME, do inglês Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) contaminada com concentrações conhecidas das impurezas, as quais foram quantitativamente removidas e o produto final analisado. A estrutura e a composição da CCA foram estudadas através das isotermas de adsorção de nitrogênio (BET), da espectrometria da região do infravermelho (FTIR), da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e da microanálise com espectrofotômetro de dispersão em energia (EDS). A CCA adsorveu com sucesso as impurezas adicionadas no FAME, mostrando eficiência quantitativa na remoção de moléculas grandes e íons. Na concentração de 4% (m/m), a CCA apresentou resultados semelhantes aos apresentados por Magnesol® 1% (m/m) e solução ácida (2% H3PO4). A CCA apresentou superfície específica inferior ao Magnesol®. Por outro lado, a CCA é predominantemente composta por grandes poros em sua superfície, o que permite reter grandes moléculas, tornando mais fácil a difusão da espécie a ser adsorvida. O alto teor de sílica da CCA, que é também responsável por sua alta capacidade de adsorção, foi confirmado pela análise de EDS e FTIR.In this work it was used an agro-industrial residue (rice husk ash - RHA) in the biodiesel purification obtained by transesterification of waste frying oil. Raw materials and products were characterized by physical-chemical techniques and different concentrations of RHA in relation to biodiesel (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%) were tested and compared with two methods of purification (acidic aqueous washing and adsorption in Magnesol®). The RHA (at 4 %) showed good efficiency in removing impurities added, equivalent to the acid solution and Magnesol®, indicating its potential for this industrial application. Quantitative evaluation of the efficiency of the RHA in the biodiesel purification was made from a study using a standard sample of FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) contaminated with known concentrations of impurities, which were quantitatively removed and the final product was analyzed. The structure and composition of the RHA were evaluated by nitrogen adsorption isotherms (BET), infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microanalysis with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The RHA adsorbed successfully impurities added in FAME, showing quantitative removal efficiency of large molecules and ions. In the concentration of 4% (w/w), the RHA had similar results to those presented by Magnesol® 1% (w/w) and acid solution (2% H3PO4). The RHA had a lower specific surface than Magnesol®. Furthermore, the RHA is composed predominantly of large pores in their surface, which can retain large molecules, making it easier to diffusion of the species to be adsorbed. The high silica content of the RHA, which is also responsible for its high adsorption capacity, was confirmed by analysis EDS and FTIR

    Síntese pelo método hidrotérmico de nanotubos de TiO2 e sua caracterização microestrutural e como fotocatalisador na etapa de esterificação de ácidos graxos para a produção de biodiesel

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    Este trabalho investigou a síntese e utilização de nanotubos de TiO2 como fotocatalisador na esterificação de ácidos graxos para a produção de biodiesel. Para tanto, foram sintetizados TiO2 pelo método hidrotérmico convencional e pelo método hidrotérmico assistido por micro-ondas, partindo de TiO2 comercial (P25 da Evonik) em solução concentrada de NaOH. Na síntese pelo método hidrotérmico convencional, utilizou-se uma autoclave de aço inoxidável revestida com teflon. As temperaturas investigadas foram 110°C e 130ºC, e o tempo de reação em 20h e 48h. A síntese hidrotérmica assistida por micro-ondas foi realizada em um sistema de digestão por micro-ondas em frascos com revestimento interno de teflon. As reações foram programadas a 400 W de potência nas temperaturas de 110°C, 130°C e 150°C, com tempos de reação de 1,5h e 3h. O tratamento pós-reação dos nanotubos consistiu no ajuste de pH, variando de 4 a 10, e no tratamento térmico a 450°C por 1 hora. Os nanotubos de TiO2 foram caracterizados quanto a sua cristalinidade, morfologia, área superficial, adsorção e atividade fotocatalítica. Para os experimentos de esterificação, avaliou-se as melhores condições de reação, como concentração do catalisador P25 (5, 10, 15 e 20% m/m) e razão molar metanol:ácido oleico (3:1, 6:1, 9:1 e 12:1). As melhores condições experimentais foram obtidas na concentração de 15% (m/m) de catalisador e razão 3:1 metanol:ácido oleico. Os nanotubos de TiO2 mostraram propriedades de fotocatalisador e de adsorvente, dependendo do adsorvato. As amostras de nanotubos de TiO2 que apresentaram maior eficiência fotocatalítica foram as produzidas pelo método hidrotérmico assistido por micro-ondas. Esse resultado pode ser associado à maior área superficial dos nanotubos de TiO2 assim produzidos.This study investigates the synthesis and use of TiO2 nanoparticles as photocatalysts in the esterification of fatty acids for biodiesel production. Therefore, TiO2 were synthesized by conventional hydrothermal method and the microwave- assisted hydrothermal method, starting from commercial TiO2 (P25 Evonik) in concentrated NaOH solution. For the synthesis by the conventional hydrothermal method, we used a stainless steel autoclave lined with Teflon. The investigated temperatures were 110°C and 130°C, and the reaction times were 20 h and 48 h. The microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis was carried out in a microwave digestion system using vials with an inner lining of Teflon. The reactions were programmed at 400 W of power at temperatures of 110°C, 130°C, and 150°C, with reaction times of 1.5 h and 3 h. The post-reaction treatment of the nanotubes consisted of pH adjustment, ranging from 4 to 10, and calcining at 450°C for 1 hour. The nanotubes were characterized by crystallinity, morphology, surface area, adsorption, and photocatalytic activity. For the esterification experiments, we evaluated the best reaction conditions, such as P25 catalyst concentration (5, 10, 15, or 20% w/w) and methanol:oleic acid ratio (3:1, 6:1, 9:1, or 12:1). Fifteen percent catalyst and a 3:1 ratio of methanol:oleic acid were optimal for this reaction. The nanotubes had photocatalytic and adsorbent properties, depending on the adsorbate. The nanotube samples producted by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method had the best photocatalytic efficiency. This result may be associated with higher surface area of these produced TiO2 nanotubes

    Caracterização e utilização da cinza de casca de arroz como adsorvente na purificação de biodiesel de óleo de fritura

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    Neste trabalho utilizou-se um resíduo agroindustrial (cinza de casca de arroz - CCA) na purificação do biodiesel obtido por transesterificação alcalina de óleo de fritura. Foram caracterizadas as matérias primas e os produtos usando técnicas físico-químicas. Testaram-se diferentes concentrações de CCA em relação ao biodiesel (1, 2, 3, 4 e 5%) e comparou-se com dois métodos de purificação (lavagem aquosa ácida e adsorção em Magnesol®). A avaliação quantitativa da eficiência da CCA na purificação do biodiesel foi realizada a partir de um estudo usando uma amostra padrão de ésteres metílicos (FAME, do inglês Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) contaminada com concentrações conhecidas das impurezas, as quais foram quantitativamente removidas e o produto final analisado. A estrutura e a composição da CCA foram estudadas através das isotermas de adsorção de nitrogênio (BET), da espectrometria da região do infravermelho (FTIR), da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e da microanálise com espectrofotômetro de dispersão em energia (EDS). A CCA adsorveu com sucesso as impurezas adicionadas no FAME, mostrando eficiência quantitativa na remoção de moléculas grandes e íons. Na concentração de 4% (m/m), a CCA apresentou resultados semelhantes aos apresentados por Magnesol® 1% (m/m) e solução ácida (2% H3PO4). A CCA apresentou superfície específica inferior ao Magnesol®. Por outro lado, a CCA é predominantemente composta por grandes poros em sua superfície, o que permite reter grandes moléculas, tornando mais fácil a difusão da espécie a ser adsorvida. O alto teor de sílica da CCA, que é também responsável por sua alta capacidade de adsorção, foi confirmado pela análise de EDS e FTIR.In this work it was used an agro-industrial residue (rice husk ash - RHA) in the biodiesel purification obtained by transesterification of waste frying oil. Raw materials and products were characterized by physical-chemical techniques and different concentrations of RHA in relation to biodiesel (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%) were tested and compared with two methods of purification (acidic aqueous washing and adsorption in Magnesol®). The RHA (at 4 %) showed good efficiency in removing impurities added, equivalent to the acid solution and Magnesol®, indicating its potential for this industrial application. Quantitative evaluation of the efficiency of the RHA in the biodiesel purification was made from a study using a standard sample of FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) contaminated with known concentrations of impurities, which were quantitatively removed and the final product was analyzed. The structure and composition of the RHA were evaluated by nitrogen adsorption isotherms (BET), infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microanalysis with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The RHA adsorbed successfully impurities added in FAME, showing quantitative removal efficiency of large molecules and ions. In the concentration of 4% (w/w), the RHA had similar results to those presented by Magnesol® 1% (w/w) and acid solution (2% H3PO4). The RHA had a lower specific surface than Magnesol®. Furthermore, the RHA is composed predominantly of large pores in their surface, which can retain large molecules, making it easier to diffusion of the species to be adsorbed. The high silica content of the RHA, which is also responsible for its high adsorption capacity, was confirmed by analysis EDS and FTIR

    Synthesis of hydro-sodalite as a heterogeneous catalyst for reaction kinetics of soybean oil trans-esterification

    Get PDF
    coal fly ash as a catalyst, under reaction conditions with different temperatures and reaction times. The catalyst characterization revealed that zeolite type hydro-sodalite was synthesized and consists of mesoporous agglomerates particles with a specific surface area of 7.53 m² g-1 and a basic catalytic character. The conversion rate of soybean oil to its methyl esters was found to increase with an increase in temperature. An ester yield of 92.5% was the highest methyl ester achieved at 65°C and at a 12:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The reaction followed pseudo-first order kinetics with a calculated activation energy (Ea) of 27.23 kJ mol-1
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