A growth and yield model for Pinus patula at Sao Hill, Southern Tanzania

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DX82640 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Allometric tree biomass and volume models in Tanzania

The publication is one of outputs of the project on "Development of biomass estimation models for carbon monitoring in selected vegetation types of Tanzania” under the Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) programme at Sokoine University of Agriculture(SUA), The publication has multiple contributors who participated in different different specializations. The main objective of the project was to develop models and methods for assessing and monitoring carbon stocks in Tanzania required for implementation of REDD+ at local as well as national levels. Vegetation types/tree species covered were miombo woodlands, lowland and humid montane forests, mangrove forests, thicket, Acacia-Commiphora woodlands, forest plantations (Pinus patula and Tectona grandis), and coconut, cashewnut and baobab trees. For some vegetation types, both biomass and volume models were developed while for others only biomass models have been covered. For some vegetation types, both biomass and volume models were developed while for others only biomass models have been covered. The book may be useful for scholars who wish to engage in tree allometric modelling. The developed models may also be used in REDD+ estimations and other iicarbon trade mechanisms. It may also be useful to the practicing forester for determination of forest stocking levels needed for forest planning.Norwegian government through Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation (CCIAM) programme and the project on Enhancing the Measuring, Reporting and Verification of forests in Tanzania through the application of advanced remote sensing technology (MRV-LiDAR) both hosted at Sokoine University of Agriculture

REDD, forest governance and rural livelihoods. The emerging agenda

Springate-Baginski, O. and Wollenberg, E. (eds.) 2010 REDD, forest governance and rural livelihoods: the emerging agenda. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. Workshop participants included researchers from the Center for International Forest Research (CIFOR) and UEA, and REDD experts from six focus countries: Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar, Tanzania, Mexico and NepalExecutive summary Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) initiatives are more likely to be effective in reducing emissions if they build on, rather than conflict with, the interests of local communities and indigenous groups (referred to henceforth as ‘forest communities’). To show how REDD could most benefit forest communities, lessons from incentive-based forest programmes and recent experiences in six countries were reviewed at an international workshop held at the University of East Anglia (UEA) in Norwich, United Kingdom, in the Spring of 2009. Workshop participants included researchers from the Center for International Forest Research (CIFOR) and UEA, and REDD experts from six focus countries: Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar, Tanzania, Mexico and Nepal. REDD offers a critical opportunity to enhance the well being of forest communities, a principle upheld by several international agreements and widely accepted voluntary standards related to REDD. The workshop discussions focussed on how best to achieve this. The proceedings of the workshop are organised in two sections. In the first section, experiences from incentive-based forest management are examined for their effects on the livelihoods of local communities. In the second section, case studies from the six case study countries provide a snapshot of REDD developments to date and identify design features for REDD that would support benefits for forest communities. An introductory chapter provides a synthesis and overview of the workshop findings. Reviews of incentive-based experiences related to payments for environmental services, volunteer carbon markets and the Clean Development Mechanism show that incentives can be successful in supporting forest conservation. However, programmes tended to not benefit the poor, and marginalised some groups even further. Programmes tended to be biased towards particular geographic regions, and populations that were better off. The poor often could not afford to participate because of high transaction costs and, where carbon markets led to more formalised rights than existed previously, the poorest often lost rights. Clear, formal rights supported implementation of programmes. Where rights are unclear, conflict over carbon benefits can be expected. The papers from case study countries described their preparedness for REDD in the lead up to the December 2009 UN Copenhagen meetings. Brazil and Indonesia, as two of the world’s highest emitters of forest-related carbon, have taken significant steps to establish policy and project frameworks for REDD. Most countries have Readiness Plans for the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Facility. Madagascar and Tanzania plan to build on existing policies for participatory forestry or conservation. The main concerns in all countries were how to design REDD to reduce emissions effectively: how to establish relevant baseline levels, how to reduce leakage and how to assess additionality. Little attention has been given to helping forest communities participate in REDD decisionExecutive summary making processes that will affect their livelihoods. Only two of the countries so far, Brazil and Indonesia, have developed ways to distribute REDD-related benefits to different stakeholders and provide multi-tiered benefits to forest communities. Assuring transparency and accountability, free, prior and informed consent, and participation in REDD decisions will be necessary to ensure even ‘good enough’ governance in REDD. The workshop findings show that to make REDD work for forest communities there will need to be clear links between incentives, drivers and benefits at multiple scales. There will need to be long-term development opportunities. Not least, forest communities will need to be involved in making REDD decisions that affect them. National REDD programmes will need to be complemented by pro-poor programmes adapted to local conditions. The introduction to these proceedings presents a framework for analysing the design of REDD in terms of these multiple requirements and different groups. The framework allows REDD strategies to be analysed according to the extent to which interest groups at different levels and scales (e.g. households, communities, local government and the timber industry 1) share the burden for forest management beyond forest communities, 2) provide pro-poor, locally adapted incentives that are linked to long-term development opportunities and 3) create safety nets and livelihood options for forest communities that link and cross multiple levels. The framework can also be used to assess equity (e.g. across different kinds of forests, including areas most at threat of deforestation and conserved forests), the mix of private and public benefits, or other equity attributes of interest. Workshop participants identified research priorities for understanding the links between REDD and forest communities. These address four main questions: 1. How can REDD support the deeper structural changes needed to stabilise climate and economies in the future? 2. Where should REDD initiatives in the landscape focus (in relation, for instance, to carbon density, opportunity costs and potential for co-benefits)? 3. What are the substantive practical concerns in the design and implementation of REDD, and what are the roles of different stakeholders (in setting baselines, capacity for monitoring, incentive structures)? and 4. What are the links between REDD processes and the political, economic and social structures that affect what sorts of REDD projects are established and how they are defined

Off-forest tree resources of Africa: proceedings of a workshop held in Arusha, Tanzania, 1999

The workshop on ‘Off Forest Tree Resources of Africa’ was held at Arusha from 12 to 16 July 1999. It attracted 65 scientists and stakeholders from 21 counties worldwide. The workshop was sponsored by Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania, the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry, the African Academy of Sciences, United States Department of Agriculture, International Union of Forest Research Organizations, the International Foundation for Science and German Technical Cooperation. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Global Environmental Facility were represented. Workshop participants discussed the topic under four main themes: (1) tree resources inventory and monitoring; (2) biodiversity and ecology; (3) resource management, products and services; and (4) socio economic aspects and institutional arrangements. To strengthen the discussions, participants spent one full day studying the Chagga home gardens system on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. This highly complex and mature multi strata agroforestry system demonstrates a highly intensive land use system that can be economically and ecologically sustainable. Participants made observations and recommendations on each of the themes

Effect of spacing on wood density of Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica

Samples of Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica grown with three different spacings at Rongai in Northern Tanzania were examined to determine their wood density. Spacing effected the height and diameter of P. patula, but only the diameter of C. lusitanica. Both species yielded wood with a density around 400 kg m-3 (oven dry weight/green volume) and spacing had no appreciable influence. The wood of P. patula included a much wider range of density than that of C. lusitanica. The original project document laid down five objectives of which the first dealt with wood density and its variations between and within the two species studied and the other four dealt with the pulping and paper making properties of the species. The X-ray densitometry carried out by OFI has dealt only with objective 1, whereas the pulping work is being done at the University of North Wales, Bangor. Objective 1 has been achieved in that the variation of wood density has been studied in detail and the results analysed to give the conclusions on page 4 of this report. These findings will be very useful in comparing density with pulping properties, particularly pulp strengths, when the work at Bangor has been completed.</p

REDD, forest governance and rural livelihoods. The emerging agenda

Springate-Baginski, O. and Wollenberg, E. (eds.) 2010 REDD, forest governance and rural livelihoods: the emerging agenda. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. Workshop participants included researchers from the Center for International Forest Research (CIFOR) and UEA, and REDD experts from six focus countries: Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar, Tanzania, Mexico and NepalExecutive summary Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) initiatives are more likely to be effective in reducing emissions if they build on, rather than conflict with, the interests of local communities and indigenous groups (referred to henceforth as ‘forest communities’). To show how REDD could most benefit forest communities, lessons from incentive-based forest programmes and recent experiences in six countries were reviewed at an international workshop held at the University of East Anglia (UEA) in Norwich, United Kingdom, in the Spring of 2009. Workshop participants included researchers from the Center for International Forest Research (CIFOR) and UEA, and REDD experts from six focus countries: Brazil, Indonesia, Madagascar, Tanzania, Mexico and Nepal. REDD offers a critical opportunity to enhance the well being of forest communities, a principle upheld by several international agreements and widely accepted voluntary standards related to REDD. The workshop discussions focussed on how best to achieve this. The proceedings of the workshop are organised in two sections. In the first section, experiences from incentive-based forest management are examined for their effects on the livelihoods of local communities. In the second section, case studies from the six case study countries provide a snapshot of REDD developments to date and identify design features for REDD that would support benefits for forest communities. An introductory chapter provides a synthesis and overview of the workshop findings. Reviews of incentive-based experiences related to payments for environmental services, volunteer carbon markets and the Clean Development Mechanism show that incentives can be successful in supporting forest conservation. However, programmes tended to not benefit the poor, and marginalised some groups even further. Programmes tended to be biased towards particular geographic regions, and populations that were better off. The poor often could not afford to participate because of high transaction costs and, where carbon markets led to more formalised rights than existed previously, the poorest often lost rights. Clear, formal rights supported implementation of programmes. Where rights are unclear, conflict over carbon benefits can be expected. The papers from case study countries described their preparedness for REDD in the lead up to the December 2009 UN Copenhagen meetings. Brazil and Indonesia, as two of the world’s highest emitters of forest-related carbon, have taken significant steps to establish policy and project frameworks for REDD. Most countries have Readiness Plans for the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Facility. Madagascar and Tanzania plan to build on existing policies for participatory forestry or conservation. The main concerns in all countries were how to design REDD to reduce emissions effectively: how to establish relevant baseline levels, how to reduce leakage and how to assess additionality. Little attention has been given to helping forest communities participate in REDD decisionExecutive summary making processes that will affect their livelihoods. Only two of the countries so far, Brazil and Indonesia, have developed ways to distribute REDD-related benefits to different stakeholders and provide multi-tiered benefits to forest communities. Assuring transparency and accountability, free, prior and informed consent, and participation in REDD decisions will be necessary to ensure even ‘good enough’ governance in REDD. The workshop findings show that to make REDD work for forest communities there will need to be clear links between incentives, drivers and benefits at multiple scales. There will need to be long-term development opportunities. Not least, forest communities will need to be involved in making REDD decisions that affect them. National REDD programmes will need to be complemented by pro-poor programmes adapted to local conditions. The introduction to these proceedings presents a framework for analysing the design of REDD in terms of these multiple requirements and different groups. The framework allows REDD strategies to be analysed according to the extent to which interest groups at different levels and scales (e.g. households, communities, local government and the timber industry 1) share the burden for forest management beyond forest communities, 2) provide pro-poor, locally adapted incentives that are linked to long-term development opportunities and 3) create safety nets and livelihood options for forest communities that link and cross multiple levels. The framework can also be used to assess equity (e.g. across different kinds of forests, including areas most at threat of deforestation and conserved forests), the mix of private and public benefits, or other equity attributes of interest. Workshop participants identified research priorities for understanding the links between REDD and forest communities. These address four main questions: 1. How can REDD support the deeper structural changes needed to stabilise climate and economies in the future? 2. Where should REDD initiatives in the landscape focus (in relation, for instance, to carbon density, opportunity costs and potential for co-benefits)? 3. What are the substantive practical concerns in the design and implementation of REDD, and what are the roles of different stakeholders (in setting baselines, capacity for monitoring, incentive structures)? and 4. What are the links between REDD processes and the political, economic and social structures that affect what sorts of REDD projects are established and how they are defined

Effect of spacing on wood density of Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica

Samples of Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica grown with three different spacings at Rongai in Northern Tanzania were examined to determine their wood density. Spacing effected the height and diameter of P. patula, but only the diameter of C. lusitanica. Both species yielded wood with a density around 400 kg m-3 (oven dry weight/green volume) and spacing had no appreciable influence. The wood of P. patula included a much wider range of density than that of C. lusitanica. The original project document laid down five objectives of which the first dealt with wood density and its variations between and within the two species studied and the other four dealt with the pulping and paper making properties of the species. The X-ray densitometry carried out by OFI has dealt only with objective 1, whereas the pulping work is being done at the University of North Wales, Bangor. Objective 1 has been achieved in that the variation of wood density has been studied in detail and the results analysed to give the conclusions on page 4 of this report. These findings will be very useful in comparing density with pulping properties, particularly pulp strengths, when the work at Bangor has been completed.</p

Optimal Rotation Age of Pinus patula in Government Forest Plantations in Tanzania

A study to determine the optimal rotation age of Pinus patula was conducted in five forest plantations in Tanzania, i.e., Kawetire, Kiwira, North Kilimanjaro, West Kilimanjaro and Meru. Growth and yield, and mechanical properties data were collected from compartments representing age from 5 to 25 years. In addition, revenues and management costs data were collected for the purpose of determining the economic rotation age. For the purpose of determining the optimal rotation age based on growth and yield, the following basic models were developed: 1) site index curves model, 2) height-D model, 3) Single tree volume model, 4) Basal area growth model 5) stand volume model, 6) mortality model, and 7) simulation of thinning. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out to ascertain whether the wood properties vary across age classes. Economic analysis of rotation age data involved computation of Net Present Value (NPV). Growth and yield data revealed irrespective of site class, P. patula can be harvested at age of 18 years while mechanical wood properties show that harvesting ages range between 16 and 21 years. Based on NPV, the optimal age was 16 years. Therefore, it is recommended P. patula be harvested at age of 18 years irrespective of site class

Effect of spacing on wood density of Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica

Samples of Pinus patula and Cupressus lusitanica grown with three different spacings at Rongai in Northern Tanzania were examined to determine their wood density. Spacing effected the height and diameter of P. patula, but only the diameter of C. lusitanica. Both species yielded wood with a density around 400 kg m-3 (oven dry weight/green volume) and spacing had no appreciable influence. The wood of P. patula included a much wider range of density than that of C. lusitanica. The original project document laid down five objectives of which the first dealt with wood density and its variations between and within the two species studied and the other four dealt with the pulping and paper making properties of the species. The X-ray densitometry carried out by OFI has dealt only with objective 1, whereas the pulping work is being done at the University of North Wales, Bangor. Objective 1 has been achieved in that the variation of wood density has been studied in detail and the results analysed to give the conclusions on page 4 of this report. These findings will be very useful in comparing density with pulping properties, particularly pulp strengths, when the work at Bangor has been completed.</p

Height-Diameter Allometry for Tree Species in Tanzania Mainland

Article ID 4832849201