Development Trends and Economic Assessment of the Integration Processes on the Metals Market

In the present paper, reasons for the increased interest in industrial policy in both developed and developing countries are explained. The systematisation of the results of the development of Russian industry from 1989 to 2014 showed a lack of systematic selection of its priorities, preventing the formation of a strategic vector of industrial policy. The target diversity of the industrial policy is established at the different economic development stages of the country. In the context of economic sanctions against Russia, it is shown that the emergence of a new industrial policy vector is connected to the need for import substitution and concomitant changes in the development model of the domestic economy. The dynamics and characteristics of the industrial development area are shown by the example of a highly developed region like the Central Urals. The total level of organisational innovation activity continues to be low and composes only 12%, although in the manufacturing sector this index is higher than the regional economy index by four absolute percentage points. The industrial policy of the Central Urals is analysed and innovation drivers of the industrial sector of the regional economy are established. The possibilities of the defence, civil engineering, mining, chemical/pharmaceutical and forestry complexes of the Sverdlovsk Region to implement its import substitution policy are explained. The most significant investment projects that will reduce the import dependence of the regional economy are presented. The possibilities of the research sector and created innovation infrastructure of the region in solving this problem are shown. It is necessary to develop the regional laws on the elaboration of industrial policy according to the basic regulations of the Federal Law “On Industrial Policy in the Russian Federation.”This article was prepared with support of the Grant of the Russian Foundation for Humanities No. 14-32-01030

The new Magnetic Measurement System at the Advanced Photon Source

A new system for precise measurements of the field integrals and multipole components of the APS magnetic insertion devices is described. A stretched coil is used to measure magnetic field characteristics. The hardware includes a number of servomotors to move (translate or rotate) the coil and a fast data acquisition board to measure the coil signal. A PC under Linux is used as a control workstation. The user interface is written as a Tcl/tk script. The hardware is accessed from the script through a shared C-library. A description of the hardware system and the control program is given.Comment: 3 pages, 5 figures, paper 3271 submitted to ICALEPCS 2001 Conferenc

Signum Function Method for Generation of Correlated Dichotomic Chains

We analyze the signum-generation method for creating random dichotomic sequences with prescribed correlation properties. The method is based on a binary mapping of the convolution of continuous random numbers with some function originated from the Fourier transform of a binary correlator. The goal of our study is to reveal conditions under which one can construct binary sequences with a given pair correlator. Our results can be used in the construction of superlattices and waveguides with selective transport properties.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figure

Identification of point defects in HVPE-grown GaN by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence

We have investigated point defects in GaN grown by HVPE by using steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL). Among the most common PL bands in this material are the red luminescence band with a maximum at 1.8 eV and a zero-phonon line (ZPL) at 2.36 eV (attributed to an unknown acceptor having an energy level 1.130 eV above the valence band), the blue luminescence band with a maximum at 2.9 eV (attributed to ZnGa), and the ultraviolet luminescence band with the main peak at 3.27 eV (related to an unknown shallow acceptor). In GaN with the highest quality, the dominant defect-related PL band at high excitation intensity is the green luminescence band with a maximum at about 2.4 eV. We attribute this band to transitions of electrons from the conduction band to the 0/+ level of the isolated CN defect. The yellow luminescence (YL) band, related to transitions via the −/0 level of the same defect, has a maximum at 2.1 eV. Another yellow luminescence band, which has similar shape but peaks at about 2.2 eV, is observed in less pure GaN samples and is attributed to the CNON complex. In semi-insulating GaN, the GL2 band with a maximum at 2.35 eV (attributed to VN) and the BL2 band with a maximum at 3.0 eV and the ZPL at 3.33 eV (attributed to a defect complex involving hydrogen) are observed. We also conclude that the gallium vacancy-related defects act as centers of nonradiative recombination

Fractal characteristics of seismic process in rock mass surrounding the excavation at mining. Mathematical modelling and analysis

It is shown in the paper that the system of equations of solid mechanics, which has a mixed type, demonstrate the most common features of evolution of nonlinear dynamic systems. Previous investigations of seismic process were carried out on the base of simplified (sand-pile, land-slide) models which gave a graph of recurrence of seismic events and information about the state of self-organized criticality (SOC). However, these simplified models do not contain the information about the stress-strain state of the loaded geomedia and its proximity to the critical state. In the proposed paper the model of rock mass with excavation is constructed and general step of roof caving is modelled. On the base of these modelling the formation of critical state in loaded geomedia is studied. The fluctuations of stress-strain state at different points of geomedia are studied as the reflection of fracture process occurring in the main elements of rock mass: roof and floor, when the coal face is advanced. It is shown that the PDF dependencies, amplitude-frequency characteristics reflect the state of the rock mass and might be considered as the fractal characteristics of fracture process within. The evolution of these dependencies shows the dramatic change when the critical state is formed in the rock mass surrounding the underground opening

Экспериментальные правовые режимы мобилизационного вида как способ правового регулирования в условиях распространения COVID-19

Experimental legal regime; COVID19; legal regime; legal experiment; “regulatory sandboxes”; legal technique; classification of legal experiments; legality; experimental legal regimes of mobilization type on legal forecasting and legal interpretation methods. The theoretical basis of the research includes well-known legal science categories, i.e. legal regime and legal experiment that get a new interpretation with the appearance of experimental legal regime institute. The main results of the research, scope of application. Experimental legal regime is a broader legal phenomenon than regulatory sandboxes, which includes not only regulation of the digital innovation sphere, but also other rules that are limited in time and space. There are legal regimes with signs of experimentation that are not officially identified by the state as experimental legal regimes. The work studied the experience which arose due to  modern  changes  in  state  and  legal  regulation  caused  by  the  global  epidemic  of COVID-19. It is suggested to divide the legal experiments according to the purpose of experimental legislation into the following groups: optimizing, progressive and mobilization ones. The aim of the first group named “Optimizing legal experiments” is to test using of new regulation applied to a large and complex object. The second group named “Progressive legal experiments” is intended to check whether the abandonment of old laws is beneficial in the innovation field. The result is creation of a smart regulation for economic and technological development. The third group named “Mobilization legal experiments” is aimed at maintaining of the existing level of resources, security, and infrastructure in the event of critical situations. It is being proved that the legal restrictions aimed at preventing of COVID-19 viral infection spreading can be classified as experimental legal regimes of mobilization type. The criterion for distinguishing of mobilization experimental legal regimes from others is the voluntary participation in the legal experiment and the goal of the experimental legal regime.Conclusions. The development of mobilization experimental legal regimes implies raising of their legality. It can be achieved by the provision of legal guarantees such as the goals of the legal experiment and the evaluation of their consequences. This will allow identify whether the consequences of the experiment correspond to the goals of the new legal regulation. There must be grounds for limitations to legal certainty caused by legal experimentation. Their manifestation is the goal and evaluation criteria, with the help of which it is possible to determine whether the consequences of the establishment of the experiment correspond to the goals of the new legal regulation. Otherwise, there is a risk of unjustified infringement of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens.Предлагается авторская классификация, предполагающая выделение оптимизирующих, прогрессивистских и мобилизационных экспериментальных правовых режимов по цели экспериментального законодательства. Обосновывается относимость ограничительных мер, установленных в целях недопущения распространения вирусной инфекции COVID-19, к экспериментальным правовым режимам мобилизационного вида. Выделяются направления развития экспериментального законодательства, предполагающие их легитимацию и повышение законности. Доказывается, что конституционность экспериментального законодательства возникает при ограничении принципа правовой определенности только при наличии правовых гарантий, к которым предлагается отнести цели правового эксперимента и оценку их последствий

Правовой статус невзаимозаменяемых токенов (NFT): современное состояние и перспективы правового регулирования

The subject. The paper considers the legal status of non-fungible tokens – a technology that allows to secure and confirm the possession of a certificate that refers to a specific digital object, based on a distributed ledger (blockchain).The purpose of the article is to research the current state of the legal status of NFTs in the Russian Federation, as well as to determine the applicability of the current Russian legislation to NFTs.The research methodology is based on the application of methods of systemic and structural analysis, formal logic, as well as methods of legal forecasting and interpretation of legal norms.The results. There is a lack of comprehensive studies on this issue in legal science. The value of NFT is substantiated through the categories of "rivalrousness" and "scarcity". The process of creating NFT - "mint", that is, the tokenization of a digital object, is described. The legal status of NFT is investigated, as a result of which it is concluded that the token is not equivalent to a digital object, but rather acts as a custodian of information about this object.Taking into account, firstly, the independent nature of the NFT, which is not only a digital copy of the original work, secondly, the vast scope of utilitarian application and, thirdly, its independent commercial value, it is indicated that in the perspective of the development of legislation and judicial practice, NFT should be regarded as an independent digital asset, the rights to which are subject to legal protection.Conclusions. At present, Russian legislation does not contain a legal structure suitable for NFTs. The problems of using NFT are highlighted, including the "tokenization" of other people's works, interference in the operation of trading platforms using technical vulnerabilities, as well as fraud. Since NFT can confirm not only the right of ownership, but also represent any subjective right, it is assumed that this technology can be used to maintain decentralized blockchain registries of real estate, shares, members of the society, vote in elections, as well as to verify identity, while simultaneously ensuring the protection of personal data.Рассматривается явление невзаимозаменяемых токенов (NFT). Отмечается отсутствие в юридической науке комплексных исследований, посвященных данному вопросу.Обосновывается ценность NFT через категории «соперничество» и «дефицитность». Описывается процесс создания NFT – «минт», т. е. токенизации цифрового объекта. Исследуется правовой статус NFT, делается вывод о том, что токен не равнозначен цифровому объекту, а скорее выступает в качестве хранителя информации о данном объекте. Учитывая, во-первых, самостоятельный характер NFT, не являющегося лишь цифровой копией первоначального произведения, во-вторых, обширную сферу утилитарного применения и, в-третьих, самостоятельную коммерческую ценность, указывается, что в перспективе развития законодательства и судебной практики NFT должен расцениваться как самостоятельный цифровой актив, права на который подлежат правовой защите, российское же законодательство в настоящее время не содержит подходящей под NFT правовой конструкции. Выделяются проблемы использования NFT, среди которых «токенизация» чужих произведений, вмешательство в работу торговых площадок с помощью технических уязвимостей, а также мошенничество. Поскольку NFT может подтверждать не только право владения, но и репрезентовать любое субъективное право, предполагается, что данная технология может использоваться для ведения децентрализованных блокчейн реестров недвижимости, акций, участников общества, голосования на выборах, а также для удостоверения личности, одновременно обеспечивая защиту персональных данных.