Ataki z wykrzystaniem serwera DNS (Domain Name System)

DNS Servers are kind of the internet's phone book. Without DNS, there wouldn't be possible to open a website and ourcomputer wouldn't know how to assign an internet address to a particular server. Currently, hackers are able to get an access to DNS servers and then transfer the information to their computers. The attacks with the use of DNS servers are very dangerous, as the main purpose of them is to spy sensitive information, such as passwords or PINs which allow the access to the online banks. In this article, there will be presented the danger of DNS service.Serwery DNS (Domain Name System) to pewnego rodzaju książka telefoniczna Internetu. Bez nich nie byłoby możliwewywołanie żadnej strony internetowej, nasz komputer nie widziałby, jak przyporządkować adres internetowy konkretnemu serwerowi. Obecnie hakerzy potrafią uzyskać dostęp do serwerów DNS, a następnie przekierować przepływ informacji na własne komputery. Ataki z wykorzystaniem serwera DNS są bardzo niebezpieczne, głównym celem jest wyszpiegowanie poufnych informacji, takich jak: hasła czy kody PIN umożliwiających dostęp do internetowych banków. W niniejszym artykule zostaną przedstawione zagrożenia usługi DNS

Association of Interleukin Genes IL10 and IL10RB with Parameters of Overweight in Military Students

To date, nearly 300 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and other adiposity traits have been identified by GWAS. With regards to IL10, at least 49 IL10-associated polymorphisms have been reported. However, little is known regarding the relationship between SNPs of the IL10 gene and the risk of obesity in young men. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between SNPs of the IL10 and IL10RB genes and the risk of obesity in young men

Aplication of cellobiose and lactose in synthesis of some natural compounds.

Od wielu lat związki naturalne cieszą się ogromnym zainteresowaniem wśród naukowców. Istnieje wiele gatunków roślin, zawierających bioaktywne substancje i znajdujących zastosowanie w wielu dziedzinach życia codziennego, jak np. w medycynie, przemyśle spożywczym czy kosmetycznym. Związki te otrzymywane są najczęściej na drodze ekstrakcji, jednak jest to mało efektywny sposób, potrzeba ogromnej ilości materiału roślinnego, żeby otrzymać niewielką ilość substancji aktywnej. W związku z tym, temat syntezy substancji aktywnych biologicznie jest coraz częściej rozwijany przez liczne grupy badawcze. Odrębną grupę związków aktywnych biologicznie stanowią saponiny. Są to związki, które wykazują szerokie zastosowanie, szczególnie w medycynie, gdzie odnaleźć je można w syropach na kaszel, maściach przeciwzapalnych i przeciwbólowych, a także w lekach stosowanych przy chorobie wrzodowej.Celem pracy było otrzymanie na drodze syntezy wybranych związków naturalnych z grupy saponin, z zastosowaniem celobiozy oraz laktozy. Docelowe związki zostały wyizolowane z roślin, jednakże nie zostały jak dotąd otrzymane na drodze syntezy totalnej. Synteza docelowych związków opierała się na stereoselektywnej reakcji glikozydowania odpowiednio zabezpieczonego cukru jako donora z dostępnym handlowo kwasem oleanolowym. Kontrola stereochemii tej reakcji pozwoliła otrzymać wiązanie β-glikozydowe.For many years, natural compounds are one of the most popular topic in organic synthesis. There are many species of plants, containing bioactive substances and they are used in many areas of everyday life, such as medicine, food and cosmetics industry. These compounds are generally obtained by extraction, but this is less efficient way because huge amount of plant material is necessary to obtain a small amount of the active ingredient. Therefore, the synthesis of biologically active compounds is being developed by numerous research groups. Among those variety of biologically active compounds are saponins. These compounds have a wide range of applications, especially in medicine, where they can be found in antitussive syrups, anti-inflammatory and analgesic ointments, as well as in medicines for peptic ulcer.The aim of my research was to synthesize some natural compounds, selected from the group of saponins using cellobiose and lactose. These compounds were isolated from plants, however, they have not been obtained by total synthesis yet. Synthesis of these compounds was based on the stereoselective glycosylation of protected sugar as the donor with commercially available oleanolic acid. Control of the stereochemistry of this reaction afforded β-anomer of glycosylation product

ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ROAD AND STREAM NETWORKS IN THE RURAL COMMUNITY

Roads and infrastructure strongly influenced on the environment. Therefore an effect of road network on hydrological conditions of watershed should be taken into account. Road networks have an effect on surface water flow and lead to direct and indirect changes of water circulation in the environment. Road networks appear to have increased contribution of impermeable areas and decreased infiltration and retention capabilities. This effect in increasing of flood waves peak and also expedite time to their occurrence. During storms or snow melting junctions of road and stream networks could be additional sources of water flowing directly from road surface or from ditch to the stream. In the paper we describe method which could help to find areas with high interaction between road networks and stream networks. Examined area of Kleszczewo community was divided into grid which consist of 92 square cells of 1 km side size. For each cell we described the interaction of road and stream networks. The generalized factor take into account density of stream network, density of road network, number of junctions of both networks and length of roads closer than 100 m from streams in each cell. Calculated values of the factor allow to distinct three classes of interaction possibilities. Results of investigation showed that the community area has big density of stream network, as well as road network what effect in numerous junction points. The majority of junctions occur between streams and field roads. Analyzed area show great variability in possibility of interaction between road network and stream network occurrence. Areas with highest possibility of such interaction took almost 25% of total area. Such places could effect in higher direct storm water flow into streams, and in consequence higher flood peaks

A puzzle with key. An artefact from the nineteenth-century amateur excavations conducted in Kwiatków, Turek district

Zabytek będący przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu to zagadkowy przedmiot – skomplikowane okucie nie mające analogii w materiałach kultury przeworskiej. Brak ścisłych analogii powoduje, że określenie jego funkcji nie jest oczywiste, ale wydaje się, że mógł to być element mechanizmu zamykającego drewniana skrzynkę. Znalezisko pochodzi z amatorskich badań prowadzonych w Kwiatkowie, pow. Turek, przez Seweryna Tymienieckiego pod koniec XIX wieku. Jest to znalezisko luźne z powierzchni cmentarzyska. Na archiwalnych rycinach zabytek przedstawiony jest jeszcze w całości – obie jego części połączone są nitami. Obecnie jego stan zachowania jest znacznie gorszy. Wymiary prostokątnych elementów domniemanego okucia zamka to 5,5 x 4,5 cm. Jedna z płytek posiada centralnie umieszczony, czworokątny otwór o wymiarach 1,5 x 1 cm, Przy krótszej krawędzi drugiej płytki znajdują się dwa otworki o średnicy około 0,3 cm (rozstaw – 0,4 cm). Według zachowanych ilustracji archiwalnych na tej blaszce była przymocowana, zapewne za pomocą zgrzewania albo lutowania, „kieszonka” wykonana z zagiętej dwukrotnie pod kątem prostym blachy żelaznej. Na jednym końcu jest otwarta, a spłaszczona i zamknięta przy drugim. Byłby to zamek zaciskowy. Rygiel z podwójnym wąsem wprowadzony był pionowo przez otwór w wieku do rynienki, wąsami do ścianki. Krawędź blaszki nad otworkami jest zagięta na około 2 mm. Lekko odchylone wąsy blokowały się na tym zagięciu uniemożliwiając przesunięcie wieka. Klucz musiał być wygięty w taki sposób, żeby po wprowadzeniu przez kwadratowy otwór w okuciu zewnętrznym, mógł dosięgnąć zębami otworków w wewnętrznym okuciu i poprzez nie docisnąć wąsy do trzpienia. To powodowało zwolnienie blokady umożliwiając wyciągnięcie rygla i otworzenie skrzynki. Zamek skrzynki z Kwiatkowa mógł być swoistą hybrydą – odmianą zamka typu Kietrz z pewnymi elementami charakterystycznymi dla zamka typu Wetzendorf. Skuteczność zaproponowanego sposobu działania omawianego mechanizmu została potwierdzona w wykonanej przez W. Rutkowskiego rekonstrukcji skrzynki z takim zamkiem. Materiały z Kwiatkowa to znaleziska luźne, zbierane dość przypadkowo i nie ma wśród nich ani rygla ani klucza, które mogłyby być elementami omawianego zamka. Klucze o kształcie odpowiadającym hipotetycznej rekonstrukcji zostały znalezione na cmentarzyskach w Gronówku, pow. leszczyński oraz w Wiktorowie, pow. zgierski. Brak kontekstu odkrycia zabytku oraz analogii utrudnia wyciągnięcie wniosków na temat jego datowania. Określenie chronologii możliwe jest w ramach całości materiału zabytkowego pozyskanego z cmentarzyska w Kwiatkowie, którego chronologia przypada głównie na fazy B1, B2 i C1 okresu rzymskiego.The artefact which is the subject of this article is an enigmatic object – a piece of sophisticated fitting that has no analogies in the materials of the Przeworsk culture. Due to the lack of exact analogies, a clear determination of its function seems not easy, but it is possible that the artefact represents an element of the metal lock for a wooden casket. The find comes from an amateur research conducted by Seweryn Tymieniecki at Kwiatków, Turek County, at the end of the 19th century. It is a stray find collected from the area of the cemetery. The archival illustrations show the artefact in its entirety – its both parts are connected with rivets (Fig. 2, 3). Unfortunately, its state of preservation has dramatically deteriorated over time (Fig. 4).</br> <br>The dimensions of the rectangular elements of the alleged lock mounting are 5.5×4.5 cm. One of the plates has a centrally located, square hole measuring 1.5×1 cm. At the shorter edge of the other plate, there are two holes with a diameter of about 0.3 cm (spacing – 0.7 cm). According to the preserved archival illustrations, the plate was fitted (probably by welding or soldering) with a small “pocket” (slide) made of iron sheet bent twice at right angles. It is open at one end, flattened and closed at the other. It resembles lock with barbed bolt. The double barb bolt was inserted vertically through the opening in the lid into a groove, with the barbs directed to the wall. The edge of the plate above the holes is folded over about 2 mm (Fig. 4). Slightly tilted barbs blocked on the fold, preventing the lid from being moved. The key had to be bent in such a way that, when inserted through the square hole in the outer fitting, it could reach the holes in the inner fitting with its teeth and through them it pressed the barbs against the bolt. This released the lock allowing the bolt to be pulled out and the box to be opened (Fig. 5). The lock for the Kwiatków casket could be a kind of hybrid – a variant of the Kietrz lock with some elements characteristic of the Wetzendorf lock (Fig. 7). The effectiveness of the proposed method of operation of the discussed mechanism was confirmed in the reconstruction of the box with such a lock. The materials from Kwiatków represent random, stray finds and they do not include a bolt or a key that could be an element of the analysed lock. However, keys of a shape corresponding to the hypothetical reconstruction of the lock were found in the cemeteries from Gronówko, Leszno County, and from Wiktorów, Zgierz County (Fig. 9). The lack of context for the discovery of the artefact as well as the lack of straight parallels make it difficult to draw conclusions concerning its dating. Its chronological determination is possible within the framework of the entire collection of artefacts obtained from the cemetery at Kwiatków, which is dated to phases B1–C2, however, most of the finds came from phase B2/C1 of the Roman Period

Self-incompatibility alleles in Polish wild pear (Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd.) : a preliminary analysis

Wild pear (Pyrus pyraster, syn. P. communis var. pyraster) is thought to be one of the species that gave rise to all other members of the genus Pyrus, although intraspecific hybridizations with cultivated varieties could cause the disappearance of original species characteristics. S-RNase alleles from 7 different wild pear individuals, collected front various regions of Poland, were cloned on the basis of the PCR method and nucleotide sequence analyses. The hypervariable (HV) region is responsible for allele-specific S-RNase activity in the self-incompatibility mechanism. The high level of polymorphism of its sequences may constitute a Source of valuable phylogenetic information. Front all individuals, 14 sequences were obtained successfully, and 9 of them were novel alleles. Phylogenetic analysis of these alleles was based on the amino acid sequence interpretation or coding regions and intron nucleotide sequences. The research conducted on a limited pool of available P. pyraster alleles gives only an initial insight into possible S-RNase allele polymorphisms in wild populations. At this stage, the results do not confirm a strong influence of cultivated pear species on the wild pear

Model for the Volume-Area-Depth Relations of Midfield Ponds using LiDAR

Small midfield ponds have important functions in hydrology and ecology of hummocky areas of Poland. Because of their sensitivity to meteorological conditions they undergo changes in number and hydroperiod as a result of climate changes and agriculture pressure. Accurate estimate of the pond area and storage capacities needs current high-resolution elevation data. In this paper, we developed 0.2m and 1.0m bare-earth DEMs from LiDAR data and compared them with DEMs obtained from old bathymetric maps. Then we calculated A-h and V-h relations and compared them with relations derived from simplified models describing pond shape. The analyses showed that LiDAR data are useful also to detect changes in the ponds morphometry

Model for the Volume-Area-Depth Relations of Midfield Ponds using LiDAR

Small midfield ponds have important functions in hydrology and ecology of hummocky areas of Poland. Because of their sensitivity to meteorological conditions they undergo changes in number and hydroperiod as a result of climate changes and agriculture pressure. Accurate estimate of the pond area and storage capacities needs current high-resolution elevation data. In this paper, we developed 0.2m and 1.0m bare-earth DEMs from LiDAR data and compared them with DEMs obtained from old bathymetric maps. Then we calculated A-h and V-h relations and compared them with relations derived from simplified models describing pond shape. The analyses showed that LiDAR data are useful also to detect changes in the ponds morphometry

CREATING THE MAP OF INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF TARNOWO PODGÓRNE COMMUNITY

The aim of the study was to creating the map of investment attractiveness of Tarnowo Podgórne community. The basis for creating the map was the analysis of the factors affecting the value of undeveloped property in the area of Tarnowo Podgórne. The study analyses the material from the years 2010–2013, which are obtained from the District Centre of Geodesy and Cartography Documentation in Poznan. To realise this aim two types of analyses were performed: spatial with the QGIS 2.12.0 Lyon programme and statistical using multiple regression. Results of investigation showed which of the isolated factors have the greatest influence on the value of building land in the Tarnowo Podgórne community