Parental Gender Beliefs and Attitudes Involving Child’s Toy Play

Parental Gender Beliefs and Attitudes Involving Child’s Toy Play From birth, children acquire the first set of social and emotional skills from parents. Despite children are born with sex differences, their gender identities stem from early years of socialization. Development of gender identities has been a topic of interests over the years, with many findings suggesting parental gender beliefs play a huge role in forming our gender identities. A study showed the crucial roles parents play in gender development through involvement in organizing activities, providing or limiting access to specific toys, and providing feedback on children’s interests and behaviors (Goldberg et. al., 2013). Children were found to show gender-stereotyped toy and activity choices, with boys choosing more masculine toys and play behavior (e.g., trucks/cars, balls, swords/guns, rough play) and girls choosing more feminine stereotyped toys and play (e.g., dolls, kitchen/tea/food sets, stuffed animals) as early as 18 months as suggested by Goldberg (2012). A longitudinal study, assessing the preschoolers at ages three, four, and five, found that most sex-typed behaviors increased in rigidity as children aged (Halim, Rubie, Tamis-LeMonda, and Shrout, 2013). Their findings further revealed increases in sex segregated play from three to five years of age. Gender-typed appearance also decreased over time, suggesting inflexibility in gender stereotyped attitudes. When studying perceptions of three year old and five year old children on gender-based toys, as well as, predictions of their parents’ gender stereotypes on toys, it showed that preschool age children have already constructed their own stereotypes of what can be defined as “girl toys” or “boy toys”. The results also demonstrate that children think their parents are supportive of their gender-stereotypical toy choices, but less supportive of their cross-gender toy choices. However, parental views on toys that are appropriate for different genders showed inconsistencies in indicating a desire for their children to be free from gender stereotypes, yet they still expressed their preference for their children to play with gender-stereotypical toys (Freeman, 2007). A study examining how a child’s level of gender-typed knowledge is related to the child’s family structure found that children raised by single mothers had less gender-typed knowledge and had more of an androgynous view during play time (Hupp, Smith, Coleman, and Brunell, 2010). However, our previous lab data showed single-mother households had children who tended to have stricter gender play rather than androgynous gender play. This study is thus designed to further examine parental beliefs and attitudes in relation to child’s gender development and beyond. Specifically, the present study aims to explore parental beliefs and attitudes in endorsing gender related behaviors and toys in relation to the sex of their child. The data for this study is being collected from preschool programs in the Southeastern United States through a larger intervention program promoting social competence. Over 50 parents with children ages of 3-5 years old filled out a parental survey. The survey consists of a wide range of behavioral items for parents to endorse whether they are comfortable for their child to engage in. Parental explicit attitudes about what toys they would purchase for their children are compared with their implicit attitude about what toys they are comfortable for their children to play with. It is expected that mothers of boys are more restrictive about what toys they would purchase and allow their sons to play with than mothers of girls. Results and implications will be shared at the conference

Increasing Number of Unusual Brain Abnormalities Seen in Rural West Virginia

The incidence rate of schizencephaly is 1.5 in 100,000 live births and the rate of holoprosencephaly is 1 in 16,000 live births. Both malformations are rare, but our institution has seen a dramatic increase in both malformations in recent years with no known cause. Schizencephaly is the most severe cortical malformation and holoprosencephaly is the most common defect in the prosencephalon during development however, it is still not very common to see a fetus with this defect live to delivery. Our institution seen four cases of schizencephaly and three cases of holoprosencephaly within two years. No two neonates seem to share a common factor. All had different co-morbidities and presentations, all mothers were different ages and showed few risk factors if any for these deformities. This paper is a report of the cases found of these rare birth defects seen at our institution in recent years

Recent Decisions

Admiralty--Damages in a Maritime Collision or Stranding Caused by Mutual Fault Must be Apportioned According to the Comparative Negligence of the Parties Anne Markey ============================= Admiralty--Wrongful Death--General Maritime Law Provides Remedy for Pain and Suffering of Decedent Incurred in Wrongful Death on High Seas but not for Funeral Expenses James F. Maddox ============================= Arbitration--Securities Regulation--In International Sale of Securities, Arbitration Agreement is Binding not Withstanding Non-Waiverability of Judicial Remedy of Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Thomas C. Eklund ============================= IMMIGRATION--ALIEN COMMUTERS, BOTH DAILY AND SEASONAL, WHO HAVE ONCE OBTAINED THE STATUS OF IMMIGRANTS ARE PROPERLY CLASSIFIED AS SPECIAL IMMIGRANTS LAWFULLY ADMITTED FOR PERMANENT RESIDENCE RETURNING FROM A TEMPORARY VISIT ABROAD Thomas F. Taylor ============================ INSURANCE--WAR RISK EXCLUSION CLAUSE DOES NOT BAR RECOVERY UNDER AN ALL RISK POLICY FOR DAMAGES RESULTING FROM TERRORIST ACTIVITIES Ralph Vinciguerra ============================ INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION--U.N. CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARDS--DEFENSES RAISED AGAINST ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN ARBITRAL AWARD WILL BE NARROWLY CONSTRUED BY U.S. COURTS TO COMPLY WITH PRO-ENFORCEMENT POLICY OF THE CONVENTION Clark Mervi

Neutrino-Lasing in The Early Universe

Recently, Madsen has argued that relativistic decays of massive neutrinos into lighter fermions and bosons may lead, via thermalization, to the formation of a Bose condensate. If correct, this could generate mixed hot and cold dark matter, with important consequences for structure formation. From a detailed study of such decays, we arrive at substantially different conclusions; for a wide range of masses and decay times, we find that stimulated emission of bosons dominates the decay. This phenomenon can best be described as a neutrino laser, pumped by the QCD phase transition. We discuss the implications for structure formation and the dark-matter problem.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures included as uuencoded file, CITA/93/

Density and Velocity Fields from the PSCz Survey

We present the results for the predicted density and peculiar velocity fields and the dipole from the PSCz survey of 15,000 IRAS galaxies over 84% of the sky. We find a significant component to the dipole arising between 6000 and 15,000 km/s, but no significant component from greater distances. The misalignment with the CMB is 20 degrees. The most remarkable feature of the PSCz model velocity field is a coherent large-scale flow along the baseline connecting Perseus-Pisces, the Local Supercluster, Great Attractor and the Shapley Concentration. We have measured the parameter beta using the amplitude of the dipole, bulk flow and point by point comparisons between the individual velocities of galaxies in the MarkIII and SFI datasets, and the large-scale clustering distortion in redshift space.All our results are consistent with beta = 0.6 +- 0.1.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures. To appear in 'Towards an Understanding of Cosmic Flows', Victoria, July 1999, eds Courteau,S., Strauss,M., Willick,J. PAS

HI intensity mapping with the MIGHTEE survey: power spectrum estimates

Intensity mapping (IM) with neutral hydrogen is a promising avenue to probe the large scale structure of the Universe. With MeerKAT single-dish measurements, we are constrained to scales $>1$ degree, and this will allow us to set important constraints on the Baryon acoustic oscillations and redshift space distortions. However, with MeerKAT's interferometric observation, we can also probe relevant cosmological scales. In this paper, we establish that we can make a statistical detection of HI with one of MeerKAT's existing large survey projects (MIGHTEE) on semi-linear scales, which will provide a useful complementarity to the single-dish IM. We present a purpose-built simulation pipeline that emulates the MIGHTEE observations and forecast the constraints that can be achieved on the HI power spectrum at $z = 0.27$ for $k > 0.3$ $\rm{Mpc}^{-1}$ using the foreground avoidance method. We present the power spectrum estimates with the current simulation on the COSMOS field that includes contributions from HI, noise and point source models from the data itself. The results from our \textit{visibility} based pipeline are in good agreement to the already available MIGHTEE data. This paper demonstrates that MeerKAT can achieve very high sensitivity to detect HI with the full MIGHTEE survey on semi-linear scales (signal-to-noise ratio $> 7$ at $k=0.49$ $\rm{Mpc}^{-1}$) which are instrumental in probing cosmological quantities such as the spectral index of fluctuation, constraints on warm dark matter, the quasi-linear redshift space distortions and the measurement of the HI content of the Universe up to $z\sim 0.5$.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, Submitted to MNRAS, comments welcom

High Galactic latitude polarized emission at 1.4 GHz and implications for cosmic microwave background observations

We analyse the polarized emission at 1.4 GHz in a 3x3 deg^2 area at high Galactic latitude (b ~ -40deg). The region, centred in (RA=5h, Dec=-49deg), was observed with the Australia Telescope Compact Array radio-interferometer, whose 3-30 arcmin angular sensitivity range allows the study of scales appropriate for CMB Polarization (CMBP) investigations. The angular behavior of the diffuse emission is analysed through the E- and B-mode power spectra. These follow a power law $C^X_l \propto l^{\beta_X}$ with slopes \beta_E = -1.97 \pm 0.08 and \beta_B = -1.98 \pm 0.07. The emission is found to be about a factor 25 fainter than in Galactic plane regions. The comparison of the power spectra with other surveys indicates that this area is intermediate between strong and negligible Faraday rotation effects. A similar conclusion can be reached by analysing both the frequency and Galactic latitude behaviors of the diffuse Galactic emission of the 408-1411 MHz Leiden survey data. We present an analysis of the Faraday rotation effects on the polarized power spectra, and find that the observed power spectra can be enhanced by a transfer of power from large to small angular scales. The extrapolation of the spectra to 32 and 90GHz of the CMB window suggests that Galactic synchrotron emission leaves the CMBP E-mode uncontaminated at 32GHz. The level of the contamination at 90GHz is expected to be more than 4 orders of magnitude below the CMBP spectrum. Extrapolating to the relevant angular scales, this region also appears adequate for investigation of the CMBP B-modes for models with tensor/scalar fluctuation power ratio T/S>0.01. We also identify polarized point sources in the field, providing a 9 object list which is complete down to the polarized flux limit of S^p_lim = 2 mJy.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Interspecific hybridization explains rapid gorget colour divergence in Heliodoxa hummingbirds (Aves: Trochilidae)

Hybridization is a known source of morphological, functional and communicative signal novelty in many organisms. Although diverse mechanisms of established novel ornamentation have been identified in natural populations, we lack an understanding of hybridization effects across levels of biological scales and upon phylogenies. Hummingbirds display diverse structural colours resulting from coherent light scattering by feather nanostructures. Given the complex relationship between feather nanostructures and the colours they produce, intermediate coloration does not necessarily imply intermediate nanostructures. Here, we characterize nanostructural, ecological and genetic inputs in a distinctive Heliodoxa hummingbird from the foothills of eastern Peru. Genetically, this individual is closely allied with Heliodoxa branickii and Heliodoxa gularis, but it is not identical to either when nuclear data are assessed. Elevated interspecific heterozygosity further suggests it is a hybrid backcross to H. branickii. Electron microscopy and spectrophotometry of this unique individual reveal key nanostructural differences underlying its distinct gorget colour, confirmed by optical modelling. Phylogenetic comparative analysis suggests that the observed gorget coloration divergence from both parentals to this individual would take 6.6–10 My to evolve at the current rate within a single hummingbird lineage. These results emphasize the mosaic nature of hybridization and suggest that hybridization may contribute to the structural colour diversity found across hummingbirds