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Copper surfaces in the ICU reduced the relative risk of acquiring an infection while hospitalized
Lattice worldline representation of correlators in a background field
We use a discrete worldline representation in order to study the continuum
limit of the one-loop expectation value of dimension two and four local
operators in a background field. We illustrate this technique in the case of a
scalar field coupled to a non-Abelian background gauge field. The first two
coefficients of the expansion in powers of the lattice spacing can be expressed
as sums over random walks on a d-dimensional cubic lattice. Using combinatorial
identities for the distribution of the areas of closed random walks on a
lattice, these coefficients can be turned into simple integrals. Our results
are valid for an anisotropic lattice, with arbitrary lattice spacings in each
direction.Comment: 54 pages, 14 figure
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Sozialstaatliche KĂŒrzungspolitik in Deutschland: Nur eine MĂ€r? Eine quantitative Gesetzgebungsanalyse 1974â2014
Quantitative analyses on welfare state dynamics have to cope with the âdependent variable problemâ, as studies on social spending reach different conclusions than analyses of replacement rate data. This article suggests a way around this problem by presenting results from a fine-grained analysis of welfare state legislation in Germany between 1974 and 2014.
We show that the German welfare state has seen both cuts and expansions occur in all decades. Moreover, we show by means of a regression analysis that partisan politics play a role. Supporting the âNixon-in-Chinaâ-thesis, social democratic governments are associated with a higher probability of cutbacks â especially in times of budgetary pressure â whereas expansions are more likely under Christian democratic governments
Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs encoding the cytosolic precursors of subunits GapA and GapB of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from pea and spinach
Chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is composed of two different subunits, GapA and GapB. cDNA clones containing the entire coding sequences of the cytosolic precursors for GapA from pea and for GapB from pea and spinach have been identified, sequenced and the derived amino acid sequences have been compared to the corresponding sequences from tobacco, maize and mustard. These comparisons show that GapB differs from GapA in about 20% of its amino acid residues and by the presence of a flexible and negatively charged C-terminal extension, possibly responsible for the observed association of the enzyme with chloroplast envelopes in vitro. This C-terminal extension (29 or 30 residues) may be susceptible to proteolytic cleavage thereby leading to a conversion of chloroplast GAPDH isoenzyme I into isoenzyme II. Evolutionary rate comparisons at the amino acid sequence level show that chloroplast GapA and GapB evolve roughly two-fold slower than their cytosolic counterpart GapC. GapA and GapB transit peptides evolve about 10 times faster than the corresponding mature subunits. They are relatively long (68 and 83 residues for pea GapA and spinach GapB respectively) and share a similar amino acid framework with other chloroplast transit peptides
Reduced renal length and volume 20Â years after very preterm birth
Intrauterine growth retardation is presumed to be associated with decreased renal size and impaired renal function as a result of stunted kidney development and nephron deficit. To study whether very preterm birth also affects renal size at young adulthood, we sonographically measured bipolar kidney length and volume in 51 very premature individuals (<32Â weeks of gestation), either small (SGA) or appropriate (AGA) for gestational age (22 SGA and 29 AGA), and 30 full-term controls 20 years after birth. Relative kidney length and volume were calculated. Both absolute and relative left kidney length and volume were significantly lower in SGA and AGA individuals, notably in women. Renal size did not differ between SGA and AGA individuals. In 70% of controls, the left kidney was larger than the right one compared with 40.9% in SGA [relative risk (RR) 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0â3.0] and 48.3% in AGA (RR 1.5; 95% CI 0.9â2.3) individuals. Renal structural anomalies were present in eight prematurely born participants only. Our data suggest that kidney growth is stunted after preterm birth, especially on the left side, and in the female gender
The VMC survey XXVIII. Improved measurements of the proper motion of the Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae
We use deep multi-epoch point-spread function (PSF) photometry taken with the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA) to measure and analyze the proper motions of stars within the Galactic globular cluster 47 Tucanae (47 Tuc, NGC 104). The observations are part of the ongoing near-infrared VISTA survey of the Magellanic Cloud system (VMC). The data analyzed in this study correspond to one VMC tile, which covers a total sky area of 1.77 deg(2). Absolute proper motions with respect to similar to 9070 background galaxies are calculated from a linear regression model applied to the positions of stars in 11 epochs in the K-s filter. The data extend over a total time baseline of about 17 months. We found an overall median proper motion of the stars within 47 Tuc of (mu alpha cos(delta), mu(delta)) = (+5.89 +/- 0.02 (statistical) +/- 0.13 (systematic), -2.14 +/- 0.02 (statistical) +/- 0.08 (systematic)) mas yr(-1), based on the measurements of similar to 35 000 individual sources between 5â and 42â from the cluster center. We compared our result to the proper motions from the newest US Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog (UCAC5), which includes data from the Gaia data release 1. Selecting cluster members (similar to 2700 stars), we found a median proper motion of (mu(alpha)cos(delta), mu(delta)) = (+5.30 +/- 0.03 (statistical) +/- 0.70 (systematic), -2.70 +/- 0.03 (statistical) +/- 0.70 (systematic)) mas yr(-1). Comparing the results with measurements in the literature, we found that the values derived from the VMC data are consistent with the UCAC5 result, and are close to measurements obtained using the Hubble Space Telescope. We combined our proper motion results with radial velocity measurements from the literature and reconstructed the orbit of 47 Tuc, finding that the cluster is on an orbit with a low ellipticity and is confined within the inner similar to 7.5 kpc of the Galaxy. We show that the use of an increased time baseline in combination with PSF-determined stellar centroids in crowded regions significantly improves the accuracy of the method. In future works, we will apply the methods described here to more VMC tiles to study in detail the kinematics of the Magellanic Clouds
Die EuropÀisierung der öffentlichen Aufgaben
Die zunehmende EuropĂ€isierung der öffentlichen Aufgaben ist einer der wichtigsten Trends im Wandel der StaatstĂ€tigkeit in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und in anderen Mitgliedstaaten der EuropĂ€ischen Union. In diesem Essay werden die Stufen der EuropĂ€isierung der StaatstĂ€tigkeit nachgezeichnet, in WeiterfĂŒhrung von Lindberg/Scheingold (1970) und Schmitter (1996) quantifiziert und hinsichtlich ihrer Kosten und ihres Nutzen erörtert.
Inhalt:
Stufen der EuropÀisierung der öffentlichen Aufgaben Der EuropÀisierungsgrad der öffentlichen Aufgaben von 1950 bis zum Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts Vom Nutzen und von den Kosten der EuropÀisierung der öffentlichen Angelegenheiten Verzeichnis der zitierten Literatu
Hysteresis phenomenon in turbulent convection
Coherent large-scale circulations of turbulent thermal convection in air have
been studied experimentally in a rectangular box heated from below and cooled
from above using Particle Image Velocimetry. The hysteresis phenomenon in
turbulent convection was found by varying the temperature difference between
the bottom and the top walls of the chamber (the Rayleigh number was changed
within the range of ). The hysteresis loop comprises the one-cell
and two-cells flow patterns while the aspect ratio is kept constant (). We found that the change of the sign of the degree of the anisotropy of
turbulence was accompanied by the change of the flow pattern. The developed
theory of coherent structures in turbulent convection (Elperin et al. 2002;
2005) is in agreement with the experimental observations. The observed coherent
structures are superimposed on a small-scale turbulent convection. The
redistribution of the turbulent heat flux plays a crucial role in the formation
of coherent large-scale circulations in turbulent convection.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, REVTEX4, Experiments in Fluids, 2006, in pres
Plant-RRBS, a bisulfite and next-generation sequencing-based methylome profiling method enriching for coverage of cytosine positions
Background: Cytosine methylation in plant genomes is important for the regulation of gene transcription and transposon activity. Genome-wide methylomes are studied upon mutation of the DNA methyltransferases, adaptation to environmental stresses or during development. However, from basic biology to breeding programs, there is a need to monitor multiple samples to determine transgenerational methylation inheritance or differential cytosine methylation. Methylome data obtained by sodium hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite)-conversion and next-generation sequencing (NGS) provide genome- wide information on cytosine methylation. However, a profiling method that detects cytosine methylation state dispersed over the genome would allow high-throughput analysis of multiple plant samples with distinct epigenetic signatures. We use specific restriction endonucleases to enrich for cytosine coverage in a bisulfite and NGS-based profiling method, which was compared to whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of the same plant material.
Methods: We established an effective methylome profiling method in plants, termed plant-reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (plant-RRBS), using optimized double restriction endonuclease digestion, fragment end repair, adapter ligation, followed by bisulfite conversion, PCR amplification and NGS. We report a performant laboratory protocol and a straightforward bioinformatics data analysis pipeline for plant-RRBS, applicable for any reference-sequenced plant species.
Results: As a proof of concept, methylome profiling was performed using an Oryza sativa ssp. indica pure breeding line and a derived epigenetically altered line (epiline). Plant-RRBS detects methylation levels at tens of millions of cytosine positions deduced from bisulfite conversion in multiple samples. To evaluate the method, the coverage of cytosine positions, the intra-line similarity and the differential cytosine methylation levels between the pure breeding line and the epiline were determined. Plant-RRBS reproducibly covers commonly up to one fourth of the cytosine positions in the rice genome when using MspI-DpnII within a group of five biological replicates of a line. The method predominantly detects cytosine methylation in putative promoter regions and not-annotated regions in rice.
Conclusions: Plant-RRBS offers high-throughput and broad, genome- dispersed methylation detection by effective read number generation obtained from reproducibly covered genome fractions using optimized endonuclease combinations, facilitating comparative analyses of multi-sample studies for cytosine methylation and transgenerational stability in experimental material and plant breeding populations
A European Academy of Neurology guideline on medical management issues in dementia
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dementia is one of the most common disorders and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and decreased quality of life. The present guideline addresses important medical management issues including systematic medical followâup, vascular risk factors in dementia, pain in dementia, use of antipsychotics in dementia and epilepsy in dementia. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was carried out. Based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework, we developed a guideline. Where recommendations based on GRADE were not possible, a good practice statement was formulated. RESULTS: Systematic management of vascular risk factors should be performed in patients with mild to moderate dementia as prevention of cerebrovascular pathology may impact on the progression of dementia (Good Practice statement). Individuals with dementia (without previous stroke) and atrial fibrillation should be treated with anticoagulants (weak recommendation). Discontinuation of opioids should be considered in certain individuals with dementia (e.g. for whom there are no signs or symptoms of pain or no clear indication, or suspicion of side effects; Good Practice statement). Behavioral symptoms in persons with dementia should not be treated with mild analgesics (weak recommendation). In all patients with dementia treated with opioids, assessment of the individual riskâbenefit ratio should be performed at regular intervals. Regular, preplanned medical followâup should be offered to all patients with dementia. The setting will depend on the organization of local health services and should, as a minimum, include general practitioners with easy access to dementia specialists (Good Practice statement). Individuals with dementia and agitation and/or aggression should be treated with atypical antipsychotics only after all nonâpharmacological measures have been proven to be without benefit or in the case of severe selfâharm or harm to others (weak recommendation). Antipsychotics should be discontinued after cessation of behavioral disturbances and in patients in whom there are side effects (Good Practice statement). For treatment of epilepsy in individuals with dementia, newer anticonvulsants should be considered as firstâline therapy (Good Practice statement). CONCLUSION: This GRADEâbased guideline offers recommendations on several important medical issues in patients with dementia, and thus adds important guidance for clinicians. For some issues, very little or no evidence was identified, highlighting the importance of further studies within these areas
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