Epidemiology, incidence, and mortality of leukemia in children early infancy to 14 years old of age in south-central Asia: A global ecological study

Background: The cancer was considered the second cause of death from early infancy to 14 years of age after the inadvertent damage. Also, leukemia was reported as the most common type of cancer in infants. Objectives: The current study was aimed to evaluate the epidemiology, incidence, and mortality rates of leukemia from early infancy to 14 years of age in South-Central Asia. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. In the current study, the incidence and mortality rates of leukemia in South-Central Asia were determined. The data were extracted from a Cancer Global Project in 2012 available at http://globocan.iarc.fr/Default.aspx.Results: In South-Central Asia, 1514027 cases of cancer were recorded in 2012 in which 480267 cases (3.2) were related to leukemia. The highest incidence rates of leukemia were reported for Iran, Kazakhstan, Sri Lanka, and Uzbekistan with the ratio of 3.6, 3.2, and 3 cases per 100000 people, respectively compared with the lowest incidence rates in Bangladesh, and Bhutan with the ratio of 0.8 and 0.9 cases per 100000 people, respectively in under14-year-old infants. Conclusions: Leukemia was reported as the most common type of cancer in infants, providing important information about possible changes of risk factors considering that its trend might help us to find critical ways so as to decrease the rate of cancer in infants. Copyright © 2019, Journal of Comprehensive Pediatrics

Health-Related Quality of Life and Socioeconomic Status: Inequalities among Adults in West of Iran

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the main determinants of health-related quality of life (HRQoL), where people with lower SES experience more health problems, have a lower quality of life, and are exposed to have a greater number of health-related risk factors. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationships between HRQoL, SES, and several demographic factors among the residents of the city of Ilam (located at theWest of Iran). Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 400 households from 3 districts of the city of Ilam in 2015. The participants were selected on the basis of the multistage sampling method. The second version of the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12v2) questionnaire and theWealth Index were used to measure HRQoL and SES, respectively. Results: The mean scores of the physical component summary (PCS) and the mental component summary (MCS) were 46.32 +/- 9.69 and 42.12 +/- 9.11, respectively. The findings indicated that PCS (P = 0.01) and MCS (P = 0.01) were significantly related to SES (wealth index). The demographic variables of age, gender, education level, marital status, job status, and home ownership (P < 0.05) were also significantly related to both PCS and MCS. Conclusions: HRQoL is directly related to SES, in that HRQoL is higher in families with higher SES. Similarly, HRQL is higher in younger people, men, and those with a university degree. A decrease in socio-economic inequalities and the gap between the rich and the poor can enhance the individuals' health status and HRQoL within a community

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever: a brief report regarding kidney involvement

Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: In patients with CCHF, especially children, hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria and azotemia could have been found by urinalysis. Moreover, because of the fact that proteinuria and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) levels could increase in children with CCHF; thus, monitoring of renal involvement related to CCHF by measurement of urine total protein and uNGAL is recommended

The incidence and mortality of ovarian cancer, its association with Body Mass Index and Human Development Index: an ecological study

Objective: Epidemiologic studies link obesity with a wide range of cancers, and ovarian cancer is one of the most common malignancies associated with BMI. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI), Human Developmental Index (HDI) and ovarian cancer. Materials and Methods: The study was based on World Cancer Information and World Bank information (including HDI and its components). In this population-based study, we estimated the Population Attribution Frequency (PAF) by using BMI in adult communities. The prevalence and mortality rates and distribution maps for ovarian cancer were extracted for different countries. To analyze the data, correlation and regression tests were used to examine the relationship between prevalence and mortality with HDI. Statistical analysis of data was performed by stata-14 and the significance level was considered as 0.05. Results: The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between incidence, mortality, ovarian cancer and BMI and HDI ratio (p 0.05). Analyzing the degree of mortality, regression analysis showed that the increase in HDI reduced motility.  However, this decrease was not statistically significant, and the increase in MYS significantly increased mortality (B = 0.24). High HDI significantly increased BMI-related cancers (B = 11.7, p <0.05). Also, the results showed that high HDI was associated with an increase in the risk of cancer (B = 4.9, p <0.05). Conclusions: Overweight and obesity are risk factors for ovarian cancer, which is associated with the HDI. Therefore, to prevent this cancer, implementing an intervention program to control obesity is important for each country's developmental indicator

Esophagus cancer geographical distribution, incidence, mortality and their world Human Development Index (HDI) relationship: an ecology study in 2018

Objective: Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer in the world. About 80% of cases occur in less developed regions. The study purposed to investigate the epidemiology of esophageal cancer incidence and mortality in 185 countries and its relation with HDI in 2018. Materials and Methods: A descriptive-analytical study was developed based on cancer incidence and mortality data extraction from the World Bank for Cancer in 2018. The incidence and mortality rates and esophagus cancer distribution maps were drawn for World countries. To analyze data, correlation and regression tests were used to evaluate the relationship between the incidence and mortality with HDI. The statistical analysis was carried out by Stata-14, and the significance level was estimated at 0.05 level. Results: The highest and the lowest esophageal cancer incidences were in the Asian continent (N=444597; 77.7%) and the Oceania continent (N=2315; 0.4%). The most esophageal cancer incidence and mortality was in high HDI regions. A negative and significant correlation was observed between incidence (R = -0.143, p <0.05) and mortality (R = 0.234, p <0.05) of esophagus cancer and HDI. Furthermore, there was a negative and significant correlation between incidence rate and LEB (r = -0.16, p <0.05). Also, the results showed a negative and significant correlation between mortality rate and GNI (r = 0.1, p <0.05), MYS (r = -0.17, p <0.05), LEB (r = -0.23, p <0.05) and EYS (r = -0.15, p <0.05). Conclusions: There is a negative correlation between esophageal cancer incidence and mortality as well as the HDI index, improving the HDI can be effective in reducing of the cancer incidence and mortality

Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide Prostate Cancers and their Relationship with the Human Development Index

Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and is the second leading cause of death, especially in developed countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer and its relationship with the human development index (HDI). Materials and Methods: This is an ecological review of the incidence of prostate cancer and its relation with HDI and its components in 2018. Data about the incidence and mortality rate of breast cancer for the year 2018 were obtained from the global cancer project for 185 countries. To analyse data, correlation test and regression tests were used to evaluate the correlation between the incidence and mortality with HDI. The statistical analysis was carried out by Stata-14, and the significance level was estimated at the level of 0.05. Results: The result showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between the incidence (R = 0.531, P < 0.001) and mortality (R = -0.219, P < 0.001) of prostate cancer with HDI. The linear regression model showed that the increase in HDI, mean years of schooling (MYS), expected years of schooling (EYS), life expectancy at birth (LBE) and gross national income was associated with an increase in the incidence of prostate cancer in men, but it was statistically significant only in MYS (B = 3.6, P < 0.05) and EYS (B = 4.8, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the increase in life expectancy at birth (B = -0.45, P < 0.05) significantly decreased mortality. Conclusion: By increasing the HDI the incidence of prostate cancer increases, but the mortality rate decreases. Therefore, HDI can be used to provide a clear picture of the distribution of this cancer. Having a comprehensive picture of the epidemiological features and changes of prostate cancer has a significant role to play in preventing, diagnosing and treating early, and reducing mortality

Incidence and Mortality of Cervix Cancer and Their Relationship with the Human Development Index in 185 Countries in the World: An Ecology Study in 2018

Introduction: Invasive cervix cancer is one of the most common causes of female genital cancer and accounts for 30 of cancers in developing countries and 5 in developed countries. Economic, social and sexual differences are associated with an increased risk of the cancer in women. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study based on incidence and mortality data extracted from the World Cancer Bank. The incidence and mortality rates and cervix uteri cancer distribution maps were drawn for world countries. To analyse data, correlation test and regression tests were used to evaluate the correlation between the incidence and mortality with Human Development Index (HDI). The statistical analysis was carried out by Stata-14, and the significance level was estimated at the level of 0.05. Results: The results showed a significant negative correlation between cervix cancer incidence rate (r = -0.570, P < 0.001) and mortality (r = -0.699, P < 0.001) with the HDI index. Negative and significant correlation was found between the incidence rate with the gross national income (GNI) (r = -0.37, P < 0.0001), Mean years of schooling (MYS) (r = -42, P < 0.0001), Life expectancy at birth (LEB) (r = -0.64, P < 0.0001) and Expected years of schooling (EYS) (r = -0.41, P < 0.0001). There was a significant negative correlation between the mortality rate and GNI (r = -0.42, P < 0.0001), MYS (r = -0.57, P < 0.0001), LEB (r = -0.73, P < 0.0001) and EYS (r = -0.56, P < 0.0001). The linear regression model showed that the increase of HDI (B = 91.8, confidence interval CI 95%: -146.6, -37) and LEB (B = -0.86, CI 95% -1.3, -0.3) decreased and increased MYS (B = 1.31, CI 95% 0.05, 2.5) and EYS (B = 2.9, CI 95% 1.5.4.4) significantly increased the incidence of cervix uteri (P < 0.05). Linear regression model showed that the increase of HDI B = 91.8, CI95%: (-146.6, -37) and LEB B = -0.86, CI95% (-1.3, -0.3) decreased the incidence and increase of MYS B = 1.31, CI95% (0.05, 2.5) and EYS B = 2.9, CI95% (1.5.4.4) significantly increased the incidence of cervical uteri (P < 0.05). And increased HDI B = 89.3, CI95% (-124.9, -53.8) and B = -0.3, CI95% (-0.6, -0.04) reduced mortality and increased GNI B = 0.009, CI95% (0.001, 0.1), MYS B = 0.8, CI95% (1.1.2.9) and EYS B = 2.04, CI95% (1.1.4.9) significantly increased mortality of cervical cancer (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Women in moderate to low HDI societies face poor socioeconomic conditions and should be considered as target groups for the prevention of cervix cancer. Moreover, prevention interventions should be focused on this group to ultimately bring about a positive change in the level of morbidity and mortality caused by cervix cancer

Relation between obesity prevalence and the human development index and its components: an updated study on the Asian population

Aim Obesity is a public health problem, and all high-, low- and middle-income countries face it worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of obesity and its relation to the Human Development Index in Asian countries in 2016. Subjects and methods This is an ecological study. The data required were the HDI and the prevalence of obesity (BMI >= 30) in adults > 18 years of age, obtained from the World Bank (). Two-way correlation and analysis of variance were used at a significance level 18 years living in the American and the lowest was found for those in Southeast Asia. The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between the prevalence of obesity in males (r = 0.486, P 0.05). The highest mean prevalence of obesity in males (20.6 +/- 11.8) and in females (26.3 +/- 16.2) was linked to a very high human development index. Conclusion According to the results, the prevalence of obesity among males and females in the Asian continent is higher in countries with a high HDI, indicating the presence of obesity-related factors in these countries. Therefore, attention to lifestyle and physical activity as risk factors for obesity can be effective in reducing the prevalence of obesity in these countries

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION GLOBAL INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY OF LUNG CANCER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI); AN ECOLOGY STUDY IN 2018

Objective: Lung cancer (LC) is one of the most common cancers and the main causes of cancer mortality in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of lung cancer incidence and mortality in 185 countries and its relationship with the HDI index in 2018. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study conducted on the extraction of incidence data and mortality rates of cancers from Cancer World Bank in 2018. The incidence and mortality rates and lung cancer distribution maps were drawn for World countries. To analyze the data, the correlation and regression tests were used to evaluate the correlation between the incidence and mortality with HDI. The statistical analysis was conducted by Stata-14 and the significance level was estimated at the level of 0.05. Results: With 209,386 new cases (12.22 per 100,000) and 1,761,007 deaths (19.88 per 100,000), lung cancer has the highest incidence and mortality rate in the world. The highest incidence rate (56.7 per 100,000) and mortality (44.4 per 100,000) of lung cancer were in Hungary. According to a projection, the incidence and mortality rate of lung cancer are expected to increase from 2018 to 2040, and the results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between incidence (R=0.724, p 0.05). Conclusions: With the highest global incidence, motility, and an upward trend by 2040, lung cancer has a considerable global importance, and the human development index (HDI) can be an important factor in reducing the incidence and mortality of patients